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Why are sensory signals and motor command signals combined in the neurons of origin of the spinocerebellar pathways and why are the granule cells that receive this input thresholded with respect to their spike output? In this paper, we synthesize a number of findings into a new hypothesis for how the spinocerebellar systems and the cerebellar cortex can interact to support coordination of our mult

Ten to fifteen percent of infertile men are azoospermic, and sixty percent of these men have been classified as having non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). NOA results from testicular failure, and one of the causes of this is the presence of varicocele. Varicocele is observed in 5-10 % of men with NOA. This review discusses the impact of varicocele repair on semen quality and pregnancy rate among me

In principle, the isolation of secondary metabolites from microbes does not differ from their isolation from other organisms. The extraction procedure may of course be quite different, especially if it is carried out in an industrial scale, but when an extract containing the metabolites of interest is at hand, it is the same palette of adsorbents and chromatographic techniques that provide the maj

Previous epidemiological studies suggest an inverse association between allergies, marked by elevated immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk. The evidence, however, is inconsistent and prospective data are sparse. We examined the association between prediagnostic total (low: <20; intermediate: 20-100; high >100 kU/l) and specific IgE (negative: <0.35; positive ≥0.35 kU/I

We analysed Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ca isotope ratios of benthonic foraminifers from sediment core tops retrieved during several research cruises in the Atlantic Ocean, in order to improve the understanding of isotope fractionation and element partitioning resulting from biomineralisation processes and changes in ambient conditions. Species include foraminifers secreting tests composed of hyaline low mag

Introduction. The aetiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) are essentially unknown. Galectins are carbohydrate-binding lectins involved in a large number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Little is known about the role of galectins in human UC. In this immunohistochemical exploratory study, both epithelial and inflammatory cell galectin expression were studied in pati

Resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering (RIXS) spectra excited at the 1σ_{g}→3σ_{u} resonance in gas-phase O_{2} show excitations due to the nuclear degrees of freedom with up to 35 well-resolved discrete vibronic states and a continuum due to the kinetic energy distribution of the separated atoms. The RIXS profile demonstrates spatial quantum beats caused by two interfering wave packets with dif

Entrained flow gasification is a promising technique where biomass is converted to a synthesis gas (syngas) under fuel-rich conditions. In contrast to combustion, where the fuel is converted to heat, CO2, and H2O, the syngas from gasification is rich in energetic gases such as CO and H-2. These compounds (CO and H-2) represent the building blocks for further catalytic synthesis to chemicals or bio

Abstract in Undetermined We consider limit sets of conformal iterated function systems, and introduce classes of subsets of these limit sets, with the property that the classes are closed under countable intersections and that all sets in the classes have a large Hausdorff dimension. Using these classes we determine the Hausdorff dimension and large intersection properties of some sets occurring i

A reproducible and quantitative imaging biomarker to standardize the evaluation of changes in bone scans is an unmet need for prostate cancer patients with skeletal metastasis. Here we have performed a series of analytical validation studies to evaluate the performance of the automated Bone Scan Index (BSI) as an imaging biomarker in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa).

Nitrogen is an essential soil nutrient for plants, and lack of nitrogen commonly limits plant growth. Soil nitrogen is typically available to plants in two inorganic forms: nitrate and ammonium. To better understand how nitrate and ammonium differentially affect plant metabolism and development, we performed transcriptional profiling of the shoots of ammonium-supplied and nitrate-supplied Arabidop

After apartheid, South Africa has stepped up to the challenge of reforming an inequitable water service delivery system to meet the needs of all citizens. We frame this systematic societal change as a transition in water governance. We argue that when evaluating this pathway of transition, we should not only look at the changes in water legislation and number with improved access, but also analyze

Alpha-1-microglobulin (A1M) is a small protein found intra- and extracellularly in all tissues of vertebrates. The protein was discovered 40 years ago and its physiological role remained unknown for a long time. A series of recent publications have demonstrated that A1M is a vital part of tissue housekeeping. A strongly electronegative free thiol group forms the structural basis of heme-binding, r

The efficacy of bendamustine versus chlorambucil in a phase III trial of previously untreated patients with Binet stage B/C chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) was re-evaluated after a median observation time of 54months in May 2010. Overall survival (OS) was analysed for the first time. At follow-up, investigator-assessed complete response (CR) rate (21.0% vs 10.8%), median progression-free survi

We present spatial and dynamic information on the s = 1/2 distorted kagome antiferromagnet volborthite, Cu3V2O7(OD)(2) center dot 2D(2)O, obtained by polarized and inelastic neutron scattering. The instantaneous structure factor, S(Q), is dominated by nearest-neighbor pair correlations, with short-range order at wave vectors Q(1) = 0.65(3) angstrom(-1) and Q(2) = 1.15(5) angstrom(-1) emerging belo

Popular Abstract in Swedish Mobiltelefonanvändandet förändrades radikalt för några år sedan när de nya grafiska ”touchmobilerna” lanserades och mobilt internet blev inte bara tillgängligt utan också enkelt och använbart för alla. Idag är en ”smart-phone” i det närmaste obligatorisk i handen på såväl vuxna som ungdomar och kraven på datatakt och åtkomst är höga och ökar när allt fler samtidigt anväFor evaluation of specific antenna arrangements in wireless communication systems we need physical channel models that take into account also the directional domain of the propagation channel. In this thesis we investigate, validate and propose a practical approach to wireless channel modeling and, particularly, to mobile communication systems. For this we make the assumption that the channel can

Popular Abstract in Swedish Folkligt deltagande är något av en paroll i dagens utvecklingstänkande. När människor deltar i beslutsfattande och samhällsplanering på lokal nivå blir resultatet bättre och mer anpassat till lokala behov, särskilt i jämförelse med expertorienterade och centraliserade utvecklingsstrategier. Samtidigt kräver detta att folk i allmänhet vill delta och de har ett intresse aThe emphasis on people-centred development is distinctive in today’s development discourse. This is noticeable in catchwords like democratic decentralisation, participation, and empowerment, which are highly esteemed among NGOs, donors, and policymakers in recipient countries. The benefits of participatory approaches are several. When people influence the process of development, policies and pro