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BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a mitogenic hormone involved in many processes such as growth, metabolism, angiogenesis and differentiation. After very preterm birth, energy demands increase while maternal supplies of nutrients and other factors are lost and the infant may become dependent on parenteral nutrition for weeks. Low postnatal IGF-1 concentrations in preterm infants
Postnatal growth from birth up to 7 y of age was evaluated in 151 children with varying degrees of intrauterine growth retardation who were previously examined in their intrauterine life with Doppler velocimetry of the thoracic descending aorta. The children with abnormal fetal aortic blood flow class (BFC), of which 39/46 (85%) had a birthweight > or = 2 SD below the mean of the population, were
This study found that two casein hydrolysate formulas varying in composition were equally effective in managing colicky symptoms associated with protein sensitivity. Both hydrolysate formulas were associated with a significant, comparable reduction in crying duration and intensity from baseline in 15 of 22 infants with complete data. Subsequent challenge data suggest that the population studied we
Blood pressure and pulsatile diameter changes of the abdominal aorta were measured in 68 children (mean age 9 years), with varying degrees of intrauterine growth retardation who were previously examined in their intrauterine life with Doppler velocimetry of the thoracic descending aorta. Diastolic blood pressure was lower (p < 0.05) and pulse pressure was increased (p < 0.01) in children with a bi
Measurements of fetal aortic blood flow velocity and fetal growth were performed in 178 pregnancies. In 87 cases, the estimated fetal weight was > 2 SD below the gestational age-related mean of the population. Three fetuses died in utero. In 148 children (84%) an assessment of overall intellectual ability was performed at 6.5 years of age. Verbal and global IQ was lower in the group with an abnorm
Measurements of fetal aortic blood flow velocity and fetal growth were performed in 178 pregnancies. In 87 cases, the estimated fetal weight was > or = 2 SD below the gestational age-related mean of the population. Three fetuses died in utero. In 149 children (85%), a neurological examination was performed at 7 years of age with special emphasis on minor neurological dysfunction. The frequency of
Using the duplex Doppler system, blood velocity was measured serially at two sites of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) during the first 3 days of life, in eight term, small for gestational age (SGA) infants (birthweight, 2179 +/- 230 g; mean +/- S.D.), and 13 term, appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants (3376 +/- 441 g). All infants in both groups h
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with abnormal neuro-developmental outcome. Aortic blood flow velocity waveforms have been shown to predict fetal distress in IUGR. Fetal aortic blood flow velocity waveforms were correlated to neuro-developmental performance at 7 years of age. Results suggest that abnormal fetal aortic blood flow velocity waveforms are associated with neuro-deve
The spectral finite element method is an advanced implementation of the finite element method in which the solution over each element is expressed in terms of a priori unknown values at carefully selected spectral nodes. These methods are naturally chosen to solve problems in regular rectangular, cylindrical or spherical regions. However in a general irregular region it would be unwise to turn awa
An important topic in the area of airborne sound propagation is the prediction of sound propagation above an impedance ground with an atmospheric profile whose sound speed varies with height. Even if this problem is simple in concept, it leads to complications for general velocity profiles. This work illustrates the existence of a large class of realistic atmospheric profiles for which analytical
A waveguide boundary spectral finite element method (SFEM) is developed for the study of acoustical wave propagation in non-uniform waveguide-like geometries. The formulation is based on a variational approach using a mixture of non-internal node element shape functions and wave solutions. The numerical method provides solutions to acoustic duct or fluid waveguide environments which may be divided
We study the codimension-one and -two bifurcations of the Ornstein-Zernike equation with hypernetted chain (HNC) closure with Lennard-Jones intermolecular interaction potential. The main purpose of the paper is to present the results of a numerical study undertaken using a suite of algorithms implemented in MATLAB and based on pseudo arc-length continuation for the codimension-one case and a Newto
Motivated by the large number of solutions obtained when applying bifurcation algorithms to the Ornstein-Zernike (OZ) equation with the hypernetted chain (HNC) closure from liquid state theory, we provide existence and bifurcation results for a computationally-motivated version of the problem. We first establish the natural result that if the potential satisfies a short-range condition then a low-
This paper considers elastic wave propagation and vibration transmission in lightweight composite structures. Specifically a spectral finite element method (SFEM) is developed as an effective numerical tool for the analysis of wave motion in uniform laminated elastic media. In short, SFEM combines a standard finite element method in the direction of layering together with analytical solutions for
The transmission and reduction of vibrations in the far-field of the surface of the ground due to a surface load is investigated theoretically and validated with given field measurement data. The performance of a given stabilization column, located directly underneath the load, at a number of receiver positions is studied and measured in terms of insertion loss. A numerical model is presented, whi
The dynamic response of the vibrating structures are studied with the standard finite element method against the more computationally efficient spectral finite element method. First a simple beam structure is modelled with the standard method and newly developed spectral elements; which has the advantage that dispersion relations for all beam structures may be developed. Some numerical examples ar
The prediction of acoustic propagation from a monofrequency coherent line source in a cutting with impedance boundary conditions over a noise-screen onto surrounding flat grassland is presented. It is well known that over flat ground the spectra for single-noise screens have significant marked differences for propagation over absorbing ground where the screen obstructs surface wave attenuation ove
In this paper we study the application of boundary integral equation methods to the solution of the Helmholtz equation in a locally perturbed half-plane with Robin or impedance boundary conditions. This problem models outdoor noise propagation from a cutting onto a surrounding flat plane, and also the harbour resonance problem in coastal engineering. We employ Green's theorem to derive a system of
The asymptotic states of numerical methods for initial value problems are examined. In particular, spurious steady solutions, solutions with period 2 in the timestep, and spurious invariant curves are studied. A numerical method is considered as a dynamical system parameterised by the timestep h. It is shown that the three-kinds of spurious solutions can bifurcate from genuine steady solutions of
We consider second kind integral equations of the form x(s) - ʃΩ k(s, t)x(t) dt = y(s) (abbreviated x - Kx = y), in which Ω is some unbounded subset of Rn Let Xp denote the weighted space of functions x continuous on Ω and satisfying x(s) = O(|s| -p), s → ∞. We show that if the kernel k(s, t) decays like | s - t | -q as | s - t | → ∞ for some sufficiently large q (and some other mild conditions on
