Stimulation of muscarinic receptors is a main mechanism for contractile activation of the detrusor from both animals and humans. Muscarinic receptors are coupled to G-proteins, but the signal transduction systems may vary. In general, M-1 , M-3 and M-5 receptors are considered to couple preferentially to G(q/11) , activating phosphoinositide hydrolysis, in turn leading to mobilization of intracell

Background: Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for vascular disease and known to cause dysfunction of the endothelium. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are still not fully understood. Methods: In order to reveal the direct effects of lipid-soluble smoke particles on the endothelium, ring segments isolated from rat mesenteric arteries and human middle cerebral arteries (MCA) obtain

The application of gold-coated glass capillaries for the design of a sensitive chemiluminescent immunoassay for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is reported. The gold coating on the glass capillaries has been partially characterized and its effect on enhancing the signal intensity has been measured. A simple photo-multiplier tube-based photon detector is used for this purpose. At least three

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of one year of systematic clinical supervision, and supervised individually planned care on the mood and general behavior of patients with dementia in relation to their cognitive function and level of confusion. The intervention was carried out in a ward devoted to the care of patients with severe dementia (EW), with a similar ward (CW) where no ch

This article outlines a new NORDTEST method for verification of self-desiccation in concrete. The method involves measurements of the internal relative humidity, RH, on pieces of concrete at one month’s age. The measured RH is then compared with the requirements according to the owner. The new NORDTEST method for self-desiccation permits requirements to be made of the self-desiccation of HPC in ac

The microfiltration (MF) fouling behaviour of -lactoglobulin solutions containing various levels of ionic calcium was investigated on a constant-flux, computer-controlled, cross-flow rig using zirconium oxide membranes. Fouling behaviour was highly dependent on both permeate flux and calcium concentration. At 200 l/(m2 h) on a 50 nm membrane the presence of 8.0 mmol/dm3 (8.0 mM) ionic calcium in t

We discuss models for ultrawideband propagation channels. In contrast to conventional channels, a UWB channel extends over such a large bandwidth that the propagation conditions for the different frequency components can be markedly different. There is also a much better temporal resolution of multipath components, which leads to a breakdown of the usual assumption of Rayleigh fading. This paper p

Breeding success and adult survival of Redshank Tringa totanus on coastal meadows on Gotland, SE Sweden, was investigated in 1997–2003. Two periods with different breeding success could be detected. In 1997–1999, nest success varied between 43 and 64%. Chick survival was not studied in these years. In 2000–03, nest success was lower and varied between 6 and 20%. Survival of chicks from hatching to

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Presents a method to use linear analysis to capture the frequency coupling of nonlinear and time-varying components. System stability is analyzed by connecting the harmonic transfer functions of the different component models. This facilitates an object-oriented approach to modeling, which supports reuse of models. An analysis of the complete railway system is, of course, difficult. Several locomo

Historical analysis of missiological issues arising from the World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh 1910, in comparison with missiological priorities in the international planning of the centenary conference, Edinburgh 2010