Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur den internationella humanitära rätten (IHL) ska tillämpas vid cyberkrigföring enligt tolkningen i Tallinnmanualen 2.0. Undersökningen omfattar distinktionsprincipen samt distinktionen mellan civila och kombattanter. Vidare redogör uppsatsen för olika utvecklingsmöjligheter som föreslagits och diskuterats i doktrin och av internationella organisationer. AvslutnThe aim of the essay is to examine the interpretation in the Tallinn Manual 2.0 on how the international humanitarian law (IHL) should be applied on cyber warfare. The examination consist of the principle of distinction and the distinction between civilians and combatants. Further, the essay will introduce different possible suggestions on development proposed and discussed in doctrine and by inte

Uppsatsen behandlar det juridiska läget avseende uppsägningar och avsked baserat på arbetstagarens brottslighet som grund. Enligt bestämmelserna i lagen om anställningsskydd (LAS) krävs det att arbetstagaren grovt försummar sina skyldigheter gentemot arbetsgivaren för att ett avsked ska vara rättfärdigat, 18 § LAS. När det gäller uppsägningar krävs, sedan 2022, att det föreligger sakliga skäl, 7 §The essay discusses the legal framework regarding terminations and dismissals based on the employee's criminal conduct as a ground for dismissal. According to the provisions of the Employment Protection Act (LAS), dismissal requires the employee to grossly neglect their obligations towards the employer, 18 § LAS. As for terminations, since 2022, there is a requirement for valid reasons (saklig

Denna uppsats redogör för det folkrättsliga regelverket som tillerkänner personer som tvingats migrera på grund av klimatförändringar skydd. Snabba klimatförändringar och eskalerande klimathot förväntas tvinga upp till 2,1 miljarder människor, ungefär 25 % av världens befolkning, till flykt år 2050. Denna annalkande massmigrationskrisen gör att en utvärdering av det befintliga rättsliga skyddet föThis thesis examines international legal protection for persons displaced across boarders due to climate change. Rapid climate change and escalating climate threats are projected to displace up to 2.1 billion people, roughly 25% of the global population, by 2050. This impending mass migration crisis necessitates an evaluation of the existing legal framework for climate migrants and displaced perso

Synen på förhållanden utanför äktenskapet har förändrats under historiens gång och antalet samboförhållanden har ökat kraftigt. Detta har lett till införandet av en lagstiftning som reglerar samboskapet. Allteftersom tiden gått har samhället fortsatt att förändras, men lagarna som reglerar sambo-skapet har inte gjort det. Dessa har i stället föråldrats. Sambor ärver inte varandra enlig svensk lag.The perception of relationships outside of marriage has changed over time and the amount of relationships between unmarried partners has increased. This has led to the introduction of a legislation that regulates cohabitation. Time has passed and society has therefore continued to progress and evolve, but the laws that regulate cohabitation have failed to do the same. They have become outdated. Co

5 a kap. lag (2010:751) om betaltjänster (BTL) reglerar ansvarsfördelningen mellan betaltjänstleverantörer och kontohavare vid obehöriga transaktioner till följd av bedrägerier. Uppsatsen undersöker de två viktigaste graderna av oaktsamhet, som återfinns i 5 a kap. 3 § BTL, och jämför dem. Dessa grader är grov oaktsamhet, där kontohavaren är ansvarig upp till 12 000 kr och särskilt klandervärThe Swedish Payment Services Act regulates the division of responsibility between the payment service provider and the consumer in case of fraud that has resulted in an unauthorized transaction. The paper examines the two most important degrees of negligence, which are found in the 5 a chapter, section 3 of the act, and compares them. These degrees are gross negligence, where the consumer is

Thesis Purpose: This study examines how parasocial relationships between music artists and fans foster a plethora of different consumer attitudinal outcomes, with the purpose to provide clarity through the shaping of distinct consumer archetypes, while offering in this way practical insights for marketers and industry professionals. The context of K-pop is used to delve deeper into the understandi

The market for luxury fashion brands has been expanding rapidly since 1990 and continues to do so even today as young adults consume more luxury fashion goods. The growth in terms of consumption can be affected by different factors, like digitalisation and the use of social media, globalisation, preference and pressure to follow trends and idols etc. However, the factors that affect the buying int

The objective of this project was to design a casual dinner chair for smaller cafes and restaurants that prioritize locally produced ingredients and want to reflect that in their interior design. The aim was to use locally sourced materials from southern Sweden, integrate design and construction to simplify the manufacturing process, and reduce material waste. Additionally, the distribution of the

As society’s electricity demands increase, technical solutions and advancements are essential to meet energy needs. Solar energy is a promising source, and solar cells enable the conversion of sunlight into electricity. This study is in collaboration with Midsummer AB, a Swedish company that specializes in sustainable solar cells. The company employs a sputtering process for manufacturing these ce

Denna uppsats behandlar frågan om religionsfriheten i 2 kap. 1 § första styck-et 6 regeringsformen (RF) borde omformuleras till en relativ rättighet. Den positiva religionsfriheten i RF är idag reglerad som en absolut rättighet, alltså en rättighet som inte får inskränkas, och beskrivs i lagtexten som frihet att ensam eller tillsammans med andra utöva sin religion. I förarbetena anges dock att relThe purpose of this essay is to examine whether the freedom of religion found in the 2 chapter 1 § in the Instrument of Government should be rephrased as a relative right (a right which can be restricted). Today, the positive right of the freedom of religion is regulated as an absolute right which means it can’t be restricted. In the Instrument of Government, it is described as freedom to exercise

I fallet HFD 2021 ref. 33 var problematiken angående överlåtelser av under-skottsföretag en central punkt. Fallet, även kallat Hoist-målet, hanterade frågan om huruvida en överlåtelse av ett underskottsföretag stred mot reg-lerna i 40 kap. IL alternativt skatteflyktslagen. HFD fann att så inte var fal-let, och biföll Hoists överklagan av den tidigare fällande domen. Fallet resul-terade i stora disIn the case HFD 2021 ref. 33 the issues regarding transactions of tax-deficient companies were a focal point. Also referred to as the Hoist-case, it dealt with the question of whether a transaction of a tax-deficient company was incompatible with the rules in the 40th chapter IL as well as the tax eva-sion act. HFD found that this was not the case and ruled in favour of Hoist, approving the transa

Kameraövervakning av offentliga platser är en ständigt debatterad fråga, där förespråkarna framhåller de trygghetsskapande och brottsförebyggande effekterna medan kritikerna beskriver övervakningen som ett hot mot den personliga integriteten. Teknikutvecklingen har inneburit en framväxt av nya övervakningsmetoder, som förutom att utgöra billigare, lättillgängligare och mer effektiva alternativ tilSurveillance of public spaces through camera monitoring is a highly debated issue. While the those advocating the practice highlight the sense of security it provides and its positive effects on crime prevention, critics view such sur-veillance as a threat to the right to respect for their private life. Technological advancements have led to the emergence of new surveillance practices, which on on

Myndighetschefer anställs av regeringen som en del av den så kallade utnäm-ningsmakten. Anställningen av myndighetschefer är emellertid inte helt dis-kretionär, den centrala regleringen på området, 12 kap. 5 § regeringsformen, stadgar att vid tillsättningen av dylika tjänster ska avseende endast fästas vid sakliga grunder. Uppsatsen utreder bakgrunden, intentionen och innebörden av denna regel. ViTop level-management in the Swedish civil service is appointed directly by the government. In this the government is not granted full discretion on whom to appoint. Chapter 12 § 5 of the Instrument of Government of the Swedish con-stitution states that in the appointment of civil servants, only objective criteria may be taken into regard. This essay seeks to explain the background, inten-tion and

This research investigates consumer behaviours within the context of Super Applications (Super Apps) usage, specifically examining Millennials and Generation Z in Sweden utilising the super app, Klarna. Utilising Digital Practice Tracking (DPT) methodology, coupled with observational techniques and post-phenomenological interviews, this research began by identifying patterns in consumer behaviour

This research used a qualitative approach, more specifically, netnography based on two cases. The two empirical cases on the use of brand activism on packaging that have been selected for this study are: (1) Walmart’s introduction of a ‘Celebration Edition’ Ice Cream for Juneteenth, and (2) Skittle’s introduction of a rainbow- free packaging to support the LGBTQ+ community. Initially we analysed n

Thesis purpose: To investigate the role of algorithmic literacy in the case of TikTok, and how its strategic performance, including the challenges and associated ethical issues, affects global marketers. Methodology: Adapting a social constructivist approach, twelve qualitative semi-structured interviews with global marketers allowed us to gather deeper insights Theoretical perspective: In order

Den goda utvecklingen på bostadsrättsmarknaden har inneburit stora vinster för befintliga bostadsrättshavare och bostadsrättsföreningar. Samtidigt har utvecklingen inneburit större trösklar för den som vill ge sig in på marknaden. Vid den höga prisutvecklingen har diskussioner uppkommit om bostadsrättslagstiftningens konsumentskydd är proportionerligt i förhållande till andra marknader. Efter ett The substantial appreciation in the market of co-operative apartments has brought great returns for tenant-owners as well as co-operative building societies. While the returns have been great for those already in the market, the barrier to entry for those who are not has risen. The staggering appreciation and greater valuations have led to discussions regarding the consumer protections in the mark

Försäkringskassan i Sverige har som uppdrag att betala ut socialförsäkringar till privatpersoner. Vid tillfällen när dessa utbetalningar blir felaktiga, faller det på Försäkringskassan att kräva tillbaka de utbetalade beloppen. Innan ett återkrav kan aktualiseras måste Försäkringskassan ställa sig två centrala frågor: Finns det en återbetalningsskyldighet? Är det möjligt att bevilja eftergift för The Swedish Social Insurance Agency in Sweden is responsible for paying out social security insurance to individuals. There are times when these payments need to be corrected, and the agency then needs to reclaim the paid-out amounts. Before a repayment claim can be initiated, the Swedish Social Insurance Agency must answer two key questions: Is there a repayment obligation? Is it possible to gran

In the present work, spectral and kinetic changes accompanying the assembly of the light-harvesting 1 (LH1) complex with the reaction center (RC) complex into monomeric RC-LH1 and dimeric RC-LH1-PufX core complexes of the photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides are systematically studied over the temperature range of 4.5–300 K. The samples were interrogated with a combination of op

Calcium-sensitive fluorescent indicators fall broadly into two categories, ratiometric (dual-wavelength) or single-wavelength indicators based on their response to a calcium elevation. Ratiometric indicators shift either their excitation or their emission wavelengths in response to calcium, allowing the concentration of intracellular calcium to be determined from the ratio of fluorescence emission