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We introduce a mixed-integer optimization model for two-layer IP-over-Flexgrid networks, and present a cost study performed using the CPLEX package for the introduced model. The study concerns a generic German network with 12 nodes and 20 links in the optical layer, and a set of six IP traffic matrices with increasing demand volumes. The optimization assumes a hot-standby mechanism in the optical

The distribution of sloping fens in southern Sweden was mapped, their vegetation sampled and related to the environmental variables recorded. This mire type is distributed further to the east than previously reported, namely around the highest post-glacial limit of the sea level. Calluna vulgaris, Narthecium ossifragum, Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea, Carex panicea and Sphagnum spp. or, e.g., Ca

Water-soluble hemicelluloses were extracted from spruce chips by heat-fractionation using microwave treatment. A screening of conditions (pH, temperature and residence time) was performed for the extraction of O-acetyl-galactoglucomannan (AcGGM). The yield and the average molecular weight of the extracted mannan were analysed using HPLC, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and mass-spectrometry. T

The administration’s legitimacy of the constitutional democracy consist in laws being applied in accordance with the principles which are their foundation. Care about the elderly is the municipals’ responsibility, and this task is regulated in the law of social services and the law of health and healthcare. The legislation grant individual elderly the right to a standard of living that in the law

Popular Abstract in Swedish För att förstå atomära och molekylära processer och interaktioner i ett mikroskopiskt perspektiv ? med andra ord, förstå kemin! ? behövs högkvalitativa mätningar och beräkningar på modellsystem, där alla okända parametrar har rensats bort, så att det enskilda egenheter och storheter kan studeras utan inverkan av yttre störningar. Experimentellt uppnås detta tex. inom ytIn general, the more complex and real a system is, with all its interactions with solvents and contaminations etc., the harder it is to accurately model it and reproduce the experimental results by calculations. Similarly, modern sophisticated, advanced and higher order calculations are done for very specialized systems, often removed from any experimental equivalent. This dissertation deals with

Popular Abstract in Swedish Den organiska kemin har spelat en viktig roll i samhällsutvecklingen. Förmågan att på ett kontrollerat sätt kunna syntetisera substanser är en nyckelkunskap för vetenskap och industri. Utvecklingen har idag kommit så långt att man även för kommersiellt bruk kan syntetisera mycket avancerade molekyler som t. ex. läkemedel. På senare år har den organiska syntesen fått en A route from epoxy alcohols to cis- and trans-trisubstituted vinylaziridines has been developed. The vinylaziridines have been used as substrates in the base induced aza-[2,3]-Wittig rearrangement to substituted 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines. The influence of the anion-stabilising group on the reaction outcome has been investigated and it was found that tert-butyl ester enolate promotes a clean conv

The extracellular enzyme activities of wood-decomposing basidiomycetes are essential for wood degradation, but are also able to degrade various recalcitrant organic pollutants. The possible application of wood-decomposing fungi in bioremediation has increased the interest in understanding their growth and activity in soil. Degradation and mineralization of pollutants can also be influenced by syne

Abstract is not available

We analyze empirically product-price variation across export destinations using detailed firm-product data. Most recent studies using highly disaggregated data emphasize variations in product quality as an explanation as to why firms charge different prices for the same product on different export markets. In this paper, we take an alternative approach and assume that variations in firms' export p

A novel code construction based on spatially coupled low-density parity-check (SC-LDPC) code chains is presented. The proposed code ensembles are described by graphs in which individual SC-LDPC code chains of various lengths serve as edges. We demonstrate that connecting several appropriately chosen SC-LDPC code chains results in improved iterative decoding thresholds compared to those of a single

As the identification process is based on the unique patterns of the users, biometrics technologies are expected to provide highly secure authentication systems. The existing systems using fingerprints or retina patterns are, however, very vulnerable. One’s fingerprints are accessible as soon as the person touches a surface, while a high resolution camera easily captures the retina pattern. Thus,

Popular Abstract in Swedish Patienter som lider av kronisk njursvikt måste avlägsna extracellulärt vatten och slaggprodukter från kroppen för att överleva. Ett alternativ är behandling med peritoneal dialys (PD). Vid en PD behandling fylls och töms bukhålan kontinuerligt med en till tre liter PD vätska fyra gånger om dagen som oftast innehåller glukos som osmotiskt agens. Glukosen skapar ett osmotPatients suffering from renal failure must remove extracellular water and waste products from their body in order to survive. One way of doing this is by treatment with peritoneal dialysis (PD). During PD treatment the abdominal cavity is filled and drained continuously with one to three liters of dialysis solution, often containing glucose, which act as an osmotic agent. Glucose creates a pressur

Popular Abstract in Swedish Fältskiktet gör skillnaden! Dynamiken av näringsämnen och organiskt material i bokskogens övre markskikt Frida Andreasson, Växtekologi och systematik, Lunds universitet Det övre markskiktet i bokskogen är markens mest biologiskt aktiva del. Därför är kunskapen om denna del av marken, dess egenskaper och kemi, angelägen. Särskilt viktig är kunskapen om mineraliseringeThe objective of this thesis was to quantify differences between adjacent patches with and without ground flora of Deschampsia flexuosa L. Trin or Anemone nemorosa L. in two acid European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest floors in south-west of Sweden. The studies included soil properties and chemistry, N mineralisation and bioavailability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), in soil leachates (SL)