The four-electron reduction of dioxygen to water in multicopper oxidases takes place in a trinuclear copper cluster, which is linked to a mononuclear blue copper site, where the substrates are oxidized. Recently, several intermediates in the catalytic cycle have been spectroscopically characterized, and two possible structural models have been suggested for both the peroxy and native intermediates

The selection of unbiased representatives from a large database is complicated by the requirement for the chosen entries to be not only genuinely different from each other but also typical for the family of related entries. A method satisfying this 2-fold objective was developed by equipping complete linkage clustering with a novel noise elimination procedure to deal with overlapping cluster struc

Hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy is a dominantly inherited disorder, characterized by dementia, paralysis, and death from cerebral hemorrhage in early adult life. A variant of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor, cystatin C, is deposited as amyloid in the tissues of the patients and their spinal-fluid level of cystatin C is abnormally low. The disease-associated Leu-68-->Gln mutant (L68Q) cy

Objective: To validate in a prospective study the surveillance algorithm WINROP for detecting infants at risk for proliferative retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: Fifty preterm infants with a mean gestational age of 26 weeks were included. In the first step of WINROP, weekly measures of body weight and serum insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) level from birth until postmenstrual age 36 we

Objective. To investigate the contrasting roles of plasminogen deficiency between models of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Methods. We developed a new animal model of arthritis, which we have called local injection-induced arthritis (LIA). In this model, we replaced methylated bovine serum albumin, which is normally used as an immunogen and is injected intraa

Far infrared spectra of seven different isotopologs of the water dimer have been measured in neon matrices at 2.8 K. The experiments are interpreted with the aid of density functional theory calculations, in particular the calculated harmonic isotopic shifts were utilized. All six intermolecular vibrational modes of the water dimer and the fully deuterated water dimer are assigned based the isotop

To process a stimulus as a holistic entity, the human brain must be able to conjoin its different features. Previous evidence suggests that this ability emerges during the first months of life, implying its considerable dependence on postnatal development. We recorded human newborn (1-3 days of age) electrical brain responses to frequently occurring (standard) sounds and to rarely occurring (devia

We consider an iterated function system (with probabilities) of isometrics on an unbounded metric space (X, d). Under suitable conditions it is proved that the random orbit {Z(n)}(ngreater than or equal to0) of the iterations corresponding to an initial point Z(0) is an element of X 'escapes to infinity' in the sense that P(Z(n) is an element of K) --> 0, as n --> infinity for every bounded set K

Chronic exposure to glutamate (glutamate excitotoxicity) exacerbates neuronal damage in the aftermath of stroke and is implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. mitochondria play a central role in the survival or death of the exposed neuron. calcium, oxidative stress and ATP insufficiency play closely interlocked roles that may be investigated with primary neuronal cultures.

Following the identification of metabolite signals in the in vivo MR spectrum, quantification is the procedure to estimate numerical values of their concentrations. The two essential steps are discussed in detail: analysis by fitting a model of prior knowledge, that is, the decomposition of the spectrum into the signals of singular metabolites; then, normalization of these signals to yield concent

Daily home hemodialysis (HD) patients have a much superior survival rate than patients on regular, 3 times a week in-center HD or on peritoneal dialysis. Present-day HD machines are unsuitable for use at home by patients. We present our concept of the ideal home HD machine that allows daily short and long HD, does all the work preparing for and cleaning up after dialysis, has an intravenous infusi

Based on data searches and life-table analyses, we determined the long-term (remaining lifetime) and short-term (10- and 5-year) absolute risks of hip fracture after sustaining a Colles' or spine fracture and searched for potential gender-related differences. In aging men, Colles' fractures carry a higher absolute risk for hip fracture than spinal fractures in contrast to women. These findings sup

Background: We previously found differences in total concentrations of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) in plasma from donors and cancer patients. Because TIMP-1 can exist in more than one molecular form, a new immunoassay to specifically detect free TIMP-1 was developed and concentrations were determined in plasma from healthy donors and colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods:

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for the assessment of contractile and noncontractile components of human skeletal muscle is described, and the inter-rater and intra-rater test-retest reliability for repeated measurements from the same MR image are examined. Twenty cross-sectional MR images from the right lower leg were obtained from 30 healthy young men and women (mean age 24.1 years,

The structural basis for the biological specificity of human cystatin C has been investigated. Cystatin C and other inhibitors belonging to family 2 of the cystatin superfamily interact reversibly with target peptidases, seemingly by independent affinity contributions from a wedge-shaped binding region built from two loop-forming inhibitor segments and a binding region corresponding to the N-termi

The highly localized 4f electrons play an important role in forming of the electronic structure and properties of compounds. The 3d photoabsorption and resonant decay spectra of Cs halides represent an interesting case showing both the localized and spatially extended f wave function features. We present and discuss the Cs 3d X-ray absorption and resonant photoelectron emission spectra of the Cs h

Previous investigations of hemispheric processes of word perception provide a mixed picture of the sensitivity of each hemisphere to the familiarity of the visual form of lateralized displays. We investigated this issue by presenting words, pseudowords, and nonwords briefly to either the left (LH) or right (RH) hemisphere in lowercase, uppercase, and a matched, unfamiliar mixed-case form, and used