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This bachelor’s thesis in Political Science examines the differences between Swedish trade union members and elected representatives’ attitudes to the functions of trade unions. The study draws from theory of bounded rationality by Herbert A. Simon and theory of collective action by Mancur Olson as well as theory on social movements, to create a theoretical framework in which three functions of tr

The development in Africa has for a long time been harmed because of its high corruption levels. During the last decades, Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) have increasingly flown into African states as an attempt to strengthen the societies. Therefore, this thesis has investigated what kind of impact FDI between 1975 and 2000 has had on corruption levels in Africa. Through a hypothesis testing

I ljuset av BEPS-projektets strävan efter effektivare tvistlösningsförfaranden i samband med dubbelbeskattning har EU tagit fram mekanismer som avser att effektivisera skattetvistlösning inom unionen. Resultatet blev rådets direktiv (EU) 2017/1852 av den 10 oktober 2017 om skattetvistlösnings-mekanismer i Europeiska unionen (skattetvistlösningsdirektivet), vilket sedan 2019 även är implementerat iIn the light of the BEPS projects aim to implement more effective dispute resolution mechanisms in situations where a double taxation may occur the EU have worked to develop mechanisms to make dispute resolution within the union more effective. The EU’s effort resulted in the Council Directive (EU) 2017/1852 of 10 October 2017 on Tax Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in the European Union (the Tax Dis

In October 2022, under a new administration, the Swedish government made a historic declaration to abolish the established tradition of allocating one percent of the Gross International Income (GNI) to foreign aid. This pivotal decision, unprecedented in Sweden's history, has sparked considerable attention and raised questions about the motivation behind this notable shift in aid policy. There

Many scholars have studied the rising threat from terrorism and the different challenges for the intelligence community in the prevention of an attack. But little research has been done on countries' different preventive measures within counter-terrorism. One of those examples are between Denmark and Sweden, which have made largely different approaches to preventive measures regarding security

How can an authoritarian leader manage to get reelected for over three decades despite their undemocratic political strategy? This essay aims to explain how this is possible with the theoretical framework dictator’s dilemma, by using a comparative case study between Zimbabwe’s former president Robert Mugabe and Uganda’s president Yoweri Museveni. The motivation of the case selection is their long

Den svenska avtalslagen, med tillhörande principer, har existerat i över 100 år. Parallellt med att avtalsrätten stått stadigt har den teknologiska utvecklingen tagit markanta kliv framåt. De metoder för avtalsslut som var i åtanke vid utformandet av lagen är vitt skilda från de metoder som finns tillgängliga i dag. Detta har, än så länge, inte visat sig vara ett större problem. De regler och prinThe Swedish Contracts Act, with accompanying principles, has existed for over 100 years. While the contract law has remained mostly unchanged, the technological development has taken drastic steps forward. The methods for closing contracts that were in mind when forming the Swedish Contracts Act are vastly different from today’s available methods. This has, thus far, not shown to be any larger pro

This essay is a theory-consuming case study, the purpose of which is to investigate how Western norms and colonial power relations have influenced the design of the EU's trade agreement Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA). The essay's theoretical framework is based on norm diffusion and postcolonial theory. First, empirical evidence about the theories and the EPA agreement is presented, t

The European Union (EU) has faced numerous severe crises during the 21st century. Rather than standing united and finding joint solutions, the intergovernmental negotiations have often revolved around furthering member state preferences, and maximising individual outcomes. Surprisingly, when Russia invaded Ukraine, in the spring of 2022, the EU managed to field a relatively successful and united r

In light of the EU’s growing compliance problem and the generalized decline in Commission-led enforcement, this thesis studies the phenomenon of Commission inaction against breaches of EU law, and, specifically, Art. 2 TEU. By focusing on its lack of action against Spain’s non-renewal of the General Council of the Judiciary, a long-standing breach of the rule of law, this thesis aims to shed light

Since the Lisbon Treaty failed in strengthening the EU’s global actorness – not least within Russia’s sphere of interest – the EU has been described as ‘a global actor past its peak’. However, following Azerbaijan’s aggressions on Armenian sovereign territory in September 2022, Armenia invited the EU to deploy a CSDP mission in the country. Since Armenia is one of Russia’s closest allies and CSDP

For many years, the European Union has been aware that its trade with so-called “conflict minerals” has indirectly contributed to conflict and human rights abuses in third countries. In 2014, as a response to this contribution, the European Commission proposed a regulation aiming to control the products containing the minerals that enter the internal market. After three years of complex negotiatio

Traditional bottom-up implementation theory has focused primarily on local-level processes, but this perspective may not fully empower all relevant actors. Regarding the combat of the climate crisis, the implementation process must account for those who are directly affected by the policy's outcomes. Implementation theory could be re-examined through a feminist theoretical lens in order to bet

People's preferences for income inequality vary, and this research investigates the influence of socioeconomic status on these preferences. Drawing on a structural position theory that considers individuals’ self-interest and rationality to be driven by their socioeconomic status, this paper examines the extent to which socioeconomic status affects the likelihood of accepting income inequality

In this paper youth representation among Swedish local government politicians is examined. Although youth people (18-29 years) constitute 20% of the electorate only about 7 percent of the politicians are young. This means youths are represented at a quota of 37% compared to the other age groups that average at least 100%. The study aims to fins explanations in terms of individual resources and pol

The thesis focuses on the use of social mix policies within the framework of Denmark's public housing system and their impact on economic connectedness and upward mobility for low-income, vulnerable beneficiaries. By conducting a meta-ethnographic review, the research aims to examine a total of six key ethnographic studies on the implementation of social mix strategies, with a view to generati

I ett flertal utredningar utförda av den franska brottsbekämpande myndighet framkom det snabbt att en viss telefon hittats med personer som tillhör den organiserade brottsligheten. Denna telefon visade sig vara en EncroChat telefon som innehar en stark kryptering. Detta ledde till att de franska myndigheterna startade en operation i syfte att dekryptera EncroChat. Operationen ägde rum i Frankrike In several investigations carried out by the French law enforcement authorities, it quickly emerged that a certain phone was found with people belonging to organized crime. This phone turned out to be an EncroChat phone that has strong encryption. This led to the French authorities launching an operation to decrypt EncroChat. The operation took place in France but affected people in other countrie

Corruption is something that can undermine both the function of the public administration and democracy itself. Furthermore, to complicate matters, the word corruption includes a variety of meanings. Consequently, this essay aims to examine corruption from the point of view of several municipal officials from three Swedish municipalities. Thus, an interview study was conducted where eleven intervi

February 2011 began with demonstrations against Muammar al-Gaddafi in Libya. It quickly escalated into a violent civil war. The actions of the UN and NATO have been widely discussed. The purpose of this essay is to examine the objectives behind the UN’s and NATO’s intervention in Libya. This will be done by applying Graham Allison’s organizational model to the case to test its explanatory power. T

The Social democrats have traditionally been against joining alliances, and specifically Nato, to retain Sweden's neutrality. After Russia's invasion of Ukraine in the beginning of 2022 the social democrats made a drastic turn and decided to apply for membership in Nato. This study will explore how the Social democrats opinion about Nato has changed between 2014-2022. A discourse analysis