In this thesis I sought to study the doctrine of the just war within the context of the First Crusade. Utilising an aggregate theory consisting of just war theory, defensive realism, and poliheuristic decision-making, I operationalised my research questions in an idiographic case study scrutinising two transcriptions of a speech Pope Urban II made at Clermont in 1095. I found that the differing ac

The purpose of this study is to examine why the Russian security forces, or siloviki, supported the 2020 amendments to the Russian constitution, using Henry E. Hale’s patronal politics as a theoretical framework. Based on this theory, the study pro-poses a hypothetical motive to explain why the siloviki supported the amendments. To strengthen the case for this motive, a number of empirical indicat

In transitioning to a sustainable society and ensuring a growing bioeconomy, a National Forest Programme (NFP) has been adopted in Sweden. In order to meet the goals set out in the NFP, forest programs have been decentralized to regional authorities in which collaborative governance should be the guiding instrument. This thesis investigates the effectiveness of new forms of decentralization, throu

This Bachelor thesis will go into depth of how the rhetorical arguments used by the Bush administration led to the justification of war against Saddam Hussien’s regime in Iraq 2003. This will be accomplished through the application of normative theory and its dif erent types of instruments, used on Bush himself and one of his colleagues in the Bush Administration, Paul Wolfowitz, who had the key i

The purpose of the essay is to investigate the reasons for Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 by adopting a defensive and offensive realist perspective. Hypothetical explanations for the invasion such as balancing of threats are operationalized based on offensive defense policy, geographical proximity and military capability, while expansion of power is interpreted as challenging the status

I denna studie utforskas hur Rysslands användning av militära medel i Ukraina kan förklaras. Studien genomför två analyser, en på individnivå med hjälp av Perception och Misperception teorin och den andra på systemnivå med utgångspunkten i strukturella realismen. På individnivå finner studien att Putin ser på västen i termer av ”vi” och ”dem” samtidigt som Putin ser interaktioner mellan Rysslan

Denna uppsats syftar att analysera de bakomliggande maktstrukturer som skapas eller reproduceras av den svenska feministiska utrikespolitiken genom en kritisk diskursanalys som informeras av intersektionell feminism. Som grund till undersökningen ligger tre officiella dokument som producerats av den svenska regeringen och som ämnar att antingen etablera initiativets ramverk eller utvärdera politik

This thesis investigates the movement resisting Namakhvani Hydropower Plant Cascade Project, the largest energy project envisioned in Georgia since the declaration of independence. A Critical Discourse Analysis is used to understand the motives behind the resistance, which encompass both invocations of traditional values such as defense of ancestral land and livelihood and liberal concepts such as

Recognizing the normative power that the European Union projects outside its borders within the environmental field, this thesis seeks to shed light on the norm-importer’s agency in the norm diffusion process. Serbia as a candidate country and its political elite are chosen as the main focus of the empirical analysis. Since Serbia wants to become a member of the EU, it is in its interest to adopt

Trots att antalet kvinnor i världens parlament ökar, är kvinnor och kvinnors intressen fortsatt kraftigt underrepresenterade inom politiken. Denna trend har väckt ett nytt forskningsområde som belyser valsystemens påverkan på kvinnligt parlamentariskt beteende. Syftet med denna fallstudie är att genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys undersöka vilken effekt Nya Zeelands valreform har haft på kvinnli

One by one, municipalities around Sweden have started their policies and activities to tackle unemployment. Lund municipality has since 2020 expanded its employment services. This study analyses the employment services implementation in Lund municipality's local government regime. The analysis is done mainly through the lenses of the implementation theory of Lipsky’s (1980; 2010) on street-lev

Both the pandemic and Euro crisis posed social risks in terms of unemployment and poverty. Yet, we see a more socially focussed crisis response to the pandemic, whereas the Euro crisis mainly neglected social policy. My thesis asks in how far such social policy crisis response variation can be understood. Hitherto literature usually focusses on instiutionalist arguments that are unable to bridge s

After the dust had settled from the second world war, western Europe experienced increased levels of material wellbeing. Education, income, and security were on the rise. This led to a wave of new values of self-expression and a shift away from security, economic and class based political conflict. As this also coincided with a rise of mass communications and increased education more people than e

This thesis explores the discursive constructions of women refugees from Syria and Ukraine in journalistic photographs published in three Swedish newspapers with a theoretical framework of representational practice theory, othering, gender and ethnicity. Through multimodal discourse analysis, the two groups’ symbolic positions are uncovered and compared. The analysis shows that both groups are con

European environmental policy has in the recent years become more and more prominent, and with the European Commission launching the European green deal, environmental policy has become a part of the centre stage of European policy. When looking to decarbonise the economy natural gas becomes a favourable solution. However, natural gas is not without a problem i.e., natural gas is still a fossil f

This evaluation field study aims to study the LM International/Läkarmissionens and Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) Kenya’s project against Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in southwestern Kenya, a crime against human rights and a severe problem in parts of Kenya. The laws against FGM/C have had limited effect in the region, so the groundwork is more important than ever. The

In the modern society the use of cyber technology is essential in many aspects. Both civilian infrastructure and crucial systems rely on cyber technology and its many uses. This new era in which cyberspace activities are a crucial part of society raises the question about how well preserved civilian cyber systems are in case of war, more specifically cyberwar. This study analyses how well NATO cyb

Följande uppsats ämnar utreda varför den nuvarande svenska klimatpolitiken inte utlöser nödvändig handlingskraft för att åtgärda klimatkrisen. Analysens övergripande frågeställning är – Varför har vi ännu inte löst klimatfrågan? Utgångspunkten är följande tre förklaringsmodeller och infallsvinklar som vardera appliceras på frågeställningen: (1) det mänskliga psyket och normer kring handlingskraft

The landscape of Swedish local politics is changing, through the emerge of a new set of values: the authoritarian left-wing populism. This descriptive study constitutes a first scientifical examination of the local party Örebropartiet and its expanding network of five follower parties. Firstly, the parties’ values are mapped out through a descriptive idea analysis of party programs along three dim