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Striving Towards a Holistic Innovation Policy in European Countries - But Linearity Still Prevails!

The concept of a holistic innovation policy is defined in this article, with discussions of what it is, why it is relevant, and how it can be implemented to enhance product innovation. It is shown that the innovation systems approach has diffused rapidly during the latest decades and has completely replaced the linear view in the field of innovation research. The majority of European countries are

Innovation Policy for Knowledge Production and R&D: the Investment Portfolio Approach

Who produces scientific and technical knowledge these days? What type of knowledge is being produced and for what purposes? Why are firms and governments funding research and development? This chapter studies the role of knowledge production (especially R&D activities) in the innovation process from an innovation system perspective. It examines how governments and public agencies in different

Competence Building: A Systemic Approach to Innovation Policy

The main question that guides this paper is how governments are focusing (and must focus) on competence building (education and training) when designing and implementing innovation policies. With this approach, the paper aims at filling the gap between the existing literature on competences on the one hand, and the real world of innovation policy-making on the other, typically not speaking to each

The Choice of Innovation Policy Instruments

The purpose of this article is to discuss the different types of instruments of innovation policy, to examine how governments and public agencies in different countries and different times have used these instruments differently, to explore the political nature of instrument choice and design (and associated issues), and to elaborate a set of criteria for the selection and design of the instrument

Why precommercial procurement is not innovation procurement

In 2006 the European Commission introduced the concept of "Pre-Commercial Procurement" as an instrument to promote innovation and to mitigate grand challenges. One of the main motivations for the support of Pre-Commercial Procurement schemes was to use public needs as a driver for innovation. This concept was also introduced as a response to the need to reinforce the innovation capabilities of the

Transparency in artificial intelligence

This conceptual paper addresses the issues of transparency as linked to artificial intelligence (AI) from socio-legal and computer scientific perspectives. Firstly, we discuss the conceptual distinction between transparency in AI and algorithmic transparency, and argue for the wider concept ‘in AI’, as a partly contested albeit useful notion in relation to transparency. Secondly, we show that tran

Automatisk skadeklassning av lovtrad i stadsbebyggelse med hjalp av digitaliserade IR-fargflygbilder

In August 1986 some parks in central Malmo were photographed from a height of 760 meters with colour infrared film. Two simultaneous studies were performed to evaluate the feasibility of manual and digital classification of trees with different degrees of crown damage. This damage is mostly due to exhaustion fumes from heavily trafficked roads, mechanical damage to roots and de-icing salt. This pa

Tillförlitlig global vegetationsinformation fran satellitdata-optimism eller realitet?

The continuous operation of the NOAA series of meteorological satellites from the early 1980s onward, and the use of time series of data from its AVHRR sensor have been instrumental in the development of a new paradigm in the area of global earth observation. The coarse spatial and high temporal resolution of the data contrasts sharply with the data characteristics of traditional earth resource sa

Analysing vegetation changes in the Sahel using sensor data from Landsat and NOAA

The semi-arid Sahel zone of Africa has suffered several periods of severe drought since about 1950. We have analyzed AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the Sahel for the period 1982-2002, and found extensive areas of increasing NDVI. To verify these changes we have analyzed Landsat TM and ETM+ scenes from 1984-1986 and 1999-2001 for areas in the Sudan, Central African Republi

Mapping NPP for a coniferous forest in southern sweden using data from Terra/MODIS

Net primary production (NPP) is modeled for a coniferous forest in southern Sweden for 2001. The model is based on the light-use efficiency concept where NPP is calculated as a product of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and a light-use efficiency factor (ε). APAR is estimated from the fraction of APAR (FAPAR) multiplied with the daily total amount of incoming PAR. FAPAR is obta