For Marx, technologies are either tools or machines and both are physical things. He was interested in the study of their intrinsic labor value in the capitalist production process. He recognizes that the life of a machine depends first on two physical factors: 1) erosion by use and 2) corrosion by abandonment: However, Marx recognizes also a third “moral” factor that depreciates the productivity

We address the issue of Western European regional productivity growth and convergence by means of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), decomposing labor productivity into efficiency change, technical change and capital accumulation. The decomposition shows that most regions have fallen behind the production frontier in efficiency and that capital accumulation has had a diverging effect on the labor pr

The abstracts within this volume were presented at the 3rd IGCP 591 Annual Meeting, which was held in Lund, Sweden, in June 2013. This meeting was co-arranged with the International Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy (ISCS), the International Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy (ISOS) and the International Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy (ISSS). The formal theme of the meeting was

Summary of key messages for policy makers • Systemic approach is critical Climate change and natural resource depletion continues to be driven not least by unsustainable levels and patterns of consumption. There is growing recognition that the shift required to achieve sustainable consumption and production is a momentous paradigm shift in Western culture. Due to the holistic nature of shifting c

The HILAS (Human Integration in the Life-cycle of Aviation Systems) project is a large, integrated European project which aims to improve safety in the civil air transport sector through the integration of human factors across the life-cycle, while simultaneously generating improved operational efficiencies. The Knowledge Integration strand plays an active role in ensuring that integration takes p

In summer 1987 most of the multibody dynamics community met at the JPL, Pasadena, to discuss the needs and the open problems in multibody system simulation, especially for space applications. P. W. Likins stated in his survey [16]: “Computational questions focused initially on the selection of subroutines for numerical integration, matrix inversion, or eigensystem analysis,and lately have shifted

The analytical method by which macroscopic and above all microscopic traces of wear are studied, in order to reach conclusions about how flint tools were employed, has been applied with varying success in western archaeology since the 1960s. Two main approaches can be distinguished, where each approach examines somewhat different wear traces using different microscopic equipment. The scanning elec