Dry etching is one of the most important methods of pattern transfer in nanofabrication. There are many dry etching methods, the most commonly used is reactive ion etching (RIE), that is based on a continuous supply of reactive ions and radicals generated in a radio-frequency (RF) plasma discharge. The RIE approach can be very accurate and may provide high resolution etching, below 10 nm in latera

När vi tittar ut i universum ser vi bara materia, även fast vi vet att antimateria finns. Enligt teorin borde antimateria, som är precis som vanlig materia fast med motsatt laddning, producerats i lika stora mängder vid Big Bang. Partikelacceleratorn LHC i Schweiz genererar lika mycket materia och antimateria i partikelkollisioner som påminner om de som skedde i samband med Big Bang. Så det skulleThis thesis investigates the properties of a general scale-invariant Two-Higgs-Doublet Model and its phenomenological consequences with focus on the scalar sector. The concept suggests that introducing more CP-violation, both spontaneous and explicit, may make it possible to meet the Sakharov conditions and account for the Universe's baryon asymmetry. We define a modified renormalization schem

Kvinnors upplevelser och erfarenheter av politiska uppdrag präglas av en manlig organisationsstruktur och dominans, där männen är de som bestämt reglerna och har tolkningsrätten till dessa. Detta har inneburit att kvinnors intåg i den politiska eliten varit lång och svår, och än idag har kvinnliga politiker inte samma villkor som sina manliga kollegor. Mycket har dock skett genom åren, från 1960-

Linjär infrastruktur såsom kraftledningar har genom ett markanspråk en negativ inverkan på organismer och på miljön, både under konstruktion och i drift. Parallellt med ett ökat tryck på den biologiska mångfalden och kvaliteten på våra ekosystem finns ett ökat energibehov som konsekvent kräver vidare utbyggnad av elsystemet. Samtidigt har kraftledningsgatorna en potential att utgöra habitat och spLinear transportation infrastructure such as powerlines generate documented adverse effects on biodiversity. However, the potential of powerline corridors to constitute habitats, a dispersal corridor, or as potential to create value for biodiversity remains somewhat controversial. This case study investigates what the drivers and challenges are to create value for biodiversity combined with the p

Vi lever idag fortfarande i ett samhälle som präglas av klass. Två yrkesgrupper som kan anses falla in under olika samhällsklasser är läkare och taxiförare. I 1:9 regeringsformen (RF) stadgas att domstolar ska beakta allas likhet inför lagen, samt iaktta saklighet och opartiskhet. I 29:5 brottsbalken (BrB) anges en rad omständigheter, så kallade billighetsskäl, som rätten ska beakta, vilka är hänfStill to this day, our society is characterized by class. Two occupational groups that can be considered to fall under different social classes are doctors and taxi drivers. In chapter 1 section 9 Instrument of Government, it is stipulated that courts must consider everyone's equality before the law and observe objectivity and impartiality. Chapter 29 section 5 of the Penal Code specifies a nu

The climate crisis is becoming more and more relevant. New innovative approaches are required to be able to tackle population growth while simultaneously decreasing carbon emission. Innovation has traditionally been associated with the private sector, but more focus is set on the public sector and their responsibility on implementing innovation into the organisation and for enabling it to happen.

Active Frontages are a dominant ideal in urban planning, although the value and its contributions to the milieu is a relatively understudied subject. Consequently, the aim of this qualitative case study is to investigate which of the ground floor stores that are used at Augustenborgstorget, Malmö and whom control over the governance process and why governance processes lead to the different establ

The EU aims to be a circular economy by 2050, which is the driving force behind this master thesis. Circular transformation is one possible strategy to handle the climate crisis and achieve sustainable development. A circular economy is a system that aims to keep the value of products, materials, and resources in use as long as possible while minimising waste generation (Svenskt Näringsliv, 202

This thesis fulfills its aim by creating a theoretical framework in order to identify and analyze the perceived challenges of participative decision-making in hybrid teams, which are two concepts of growing importance. Previous research has neglected the intersection between the two, which is a shortcoming this thesis addresses by considering their challenges in conjunction. To address the purpose

BACKGROUND. Early and accurate detection of infectious respiratory diseases like COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB) plays a crucial role in effective management and the reduction of preventable mortality. However, molecular diagnostic tests for these infections are expensive and not easily implementable in resource-limited settings, which suffer the majority of the burden. Lung Ultrasound (LUS) presen

Som sanden i timglaset rinner tiden iväg för att stoppa de globala klimatförändringarna, med ödesdigra konsekvenser för nuvarande och kommande generationer. En av de största utmaningarna är att minska utsläppen från transporter som utgör en tredjedel av de svenska växthusgasutsläppen. Privatbilismen är en av de största klimatbovarna där andelen resor fortsätter öka trots vidtagna samhällsåtgärder.Achieving a transport emission reduction in line with global reduction targets is considered as one of the greatest environmental challenges societies are facing today. As car use continues to increase, there is a need to better understand what influences individuals' choice of transportation and how to bring about behavioural change where fewer choose to travel by car. This study addresses th

Kriminalpolitiken har under senare år riktat allt större fokus mot straffskärpningar. I media presenteras ofta en bild av att kriminaliteten ökat och blivit allt grövre. Av denna anledningen blir responsen att öka straffen med syftet att minska kriminaliteten. Under de senaste två åren har lagförslag tagits fram med fokus på flerfaldig brottslighet och återfall. Dessa lagförslag tar sikte på brottThe public interest for Criminal law has spiked in recent years, especially with a focus on tougher penalties. The media often sends the message that crime has increased and become more violent. The response seems to be a desire to increase punishment in hopes of reducing crime. Over the past two years, bills have been drafted focusing on repeat offending and recidivism. These legislative proposal

We review recent progress and motivate the need for further developments in nuclear optical potentials that are widely used in the theoretical analysis of nucleon elastic scattering and reaction cross sections. In regions of the nuclear chart away from stability, which represent a frontier in nuclear science over the coming decade and which will be probed at new rare-isotope beam facilities worldw

De senaste decenniernas tekniska utveckling öppnar upp nya möjligheter för de brottsbekämpande myndigheterna att utreda brott. Att exempelvis få fram en sökbar DNA-profil från en 25 år gammal spermafläck ger dessutom hopp till att lösa kalla fall. I situationer där en misstänkt har friats i domstolen och det först senare uppdagas nya omständigheter eller bevis, kan det bli aktuellt med resning tilThe technological development of recent decades opens up new opportunities for the law enforcement authorities to investigate crimes. As an example, obtaining a searchable DNA-profile from a 25-year-old sperm stain also provides hope for solving old cases. In situations where a suspect has been acquitted in court and new circumstances or evidence arise, it may be relevant to petition for a new tri

Section 1(2) of the Employment Protection Act (EPA) states that members of the employer’s family are exempt from most of the provisions of the Act. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how private relations between the parties to the employment affect the employment relationship. Using a legal dogmatic method, the essay answers the following questions: (i) how has the exemption of the emplo

Under processen före och efter antagandet av Digital Markets Act (DMA) har det uppstått diskussioner om förordningens förhållande till förbudet mot missbruk av dominerande ställning i artikel 102 FEUF. Ett orosmoln är tillämpligheten av principen om ne bis in idem. DMA ska tillämpas utan att det påverkar tillämpningen av artikel 102 FEUF, vilket innebär att ett företag kan omfattas av skyldigheterDuring and after the adoption of the Digital Markets Act (DMA), concerns have been raised regarding the regulation’s relationship with the prohibition on abuse of dominant position in Article 102 TFEU. One possible concern regards the principle of ne bis in idem. The DMA is to be applied without prejudice to Article 102 TFEU. It is thus possible for an undertaking to be subject to obligations impo

Clay soils can cause significant distress in road construction due to their low strength. Stabilizing such soil improve with binder agents prior to the geotechnical works can significantly its performance and ensure safety and stability of roads while exploitation. This research envisaged the use of five different binders (lime, energy fly ash, bio fly ash, slag, cement) as an additive stabilizing

The formation of mesophase silica-surfactant thin films at the air/solution interface has been studied in situ using off-specular X-ray reflectivity, Brewster angle microscopy and small angle scattering. Results for cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-templated films suggest that the formation mechanism is strongly dependent on the silica:surfactant ratio, and this is confirmed by studies on the subpha

Time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering has been used to investigate the evolution of micelles in the subphase of surfactant-templated silica film-forming solutions. Two samples have been prepared using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), as the structure-directing agent, and different amounts of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) (CTABr/TMOS molar ratio 0.093, 0.139). The solutions have been repr

The synthesis of surfactant-templated silicate materials has developed rapidly over the past decade. The uniform controlled pore sizes created in the amorphous silicate framework by this method show promise as catalyst supports, sensors, filtration membranes and in a variety of optoelectronic applications. Formation of these materials in a thin-film or membrane geometry is therefore an active area