In the year 1900, Sweden probably had the oldest population in the contemporary world. It was also the first nation to implement a universal pension system in 1913. The universal character in early social legislation has certainly been decisive for the development of the Swedish welfare state. This alternative has not been self-evident. Why did the reforms turn universal, when the continental mode

Purpose: Recently, there has been an increasing interest in operating conventional linear accelerators without a flattening filter. The aim of this study was to determine beam quality variations as a function of off-axis ray angle for unflattened beams. In addition, a comparison was made with the off-axis energy variation in flattened beams. Methods: Two Elekta Precise linear accelerators were mod

Popular Abstract in Swedish Att det ska råda fri rörlighet för arbetstagare/personer och deras familjemedlemmar är en grundläggande princip i EU-rätten. I artikel 48 i Fördraget om Europeiska unionens funktionssätt (EUF) ges EU befogenhet att vidta åtgärder för att koordinera, samordna, de olika nationella sociala trygghetssystemen inom EU. Förordning 1408/71 och dess ersättare förordning 883/2004This doctoral thesis examines the Swedish parental benefit in relation to the EU principles on free movement, namely the Treaty provisions on free movement for workers and Union citizens, and more specifically, the legislation on coordination of social security benefits – Regulation 1408/71 and its successor Regulation 883/2004. The rights enshrined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European

The number of nanoparticle-based products on the market is expected to increase considerably during the coming decades. This forces the industry to have highly meticulous manufacturing of large amounts of nanoparticles using cheap and environmentally friendly methods. For the production of metal nanoparticles spark discharge generation is a promising route to fulfill these demands. The spark disch

The varied and distinct ways we connect can facilitate or impose isolation, our own or someone else's. Different forms of isolation are themselves interconnected and sometimes enrich our connecting. The relation between isolation and connection, we argue, is one of complementarity, like Calvino's 'two inseparable and complementary functions of life ... syntony, or participation in the world around

Heterogeneous materials, such as biological tissues, foodstuffs, and rocks, contain a range of microscopic environments where the molecular constituents often have different NMR relaxation time constants and self-diffusion coefficients. Multidimensional correlation methods have greatly improved the possibility for separating and assigning the NMR responses from distinct environments, thereby allow

Using an experimental model of non-alcoholic (alimentary-induced) steatohepatitis in rats, we found that this pathological condition created by consumption of a special diet for 16 weeks results in a drop in the brain mass (by 22%, on average) and also in decreases in the size and morphological modifications of astrocytes and the level of a calcium-binding protein, S-100b. The latter shifts were g

Aim This qualitative study was set out to explore oncology outpatient experiences of having cancer, to illuminate coping strategies and to explore perceptions of care and service provided while treated for cancer. Materials and methods Thirty patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy were consecutively selected for the study in three oncology outpatient clinics in Iceland; mean age was 55 y

This paper addresses the decline in infant mortality that occurred with a remarkable synchronization across Europe around the turn of the century 1900. It is the argument of this paper that this development is not just, as in the conventional view, the side effect of economic growth but could be derived through a cumulative chain of events, starting with the discovery of the germ theory. Mokyr has

A capture-mark-recapture study on the threatened saproxylic beetle Lucanus cervus was carried out in a chestnut (Castanea sativa) woodland located in northern Italy, using visual encounter surveys (VES) as well as aerial flight interception traps and pitfall traps (PT), both of which were baited with different odour lures. In total, 111 males and 25 females were captured, and VES was by far the mo

Spinocerebellar systems are likely to be crucial for cerebellar hallmark functions such as coordination. However, in terms of cerebellar functional analyses, these are perhaps among the least explored systems. The aim of the present study is to achieve activation of a single component of the spinocerebellar systems and to explore to what extent it can influence the spike output of granule cells, G

Objective: Postoperative pleural adhesions lead to major problems in repeated thoracic surgery. To date, no antiadhesive product has been proven clinically effective. Previous studies of differently charged polypeptides, poly-L-lysine (PL) and poly-L-glutamate (PG) have shown promising results reducing postoperative abdominal adhesions in experimental settings. This pilot study examined the possib

Patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) constitute a high-risk group with increased mortality. β-Blocker therapy has been shown to reduce mortality, prevent arrhythmias, and delay heart failure development after an MI in broad populations. However, the effect of β-blockers in COPD patients is less well established and they may also be l

High-spin states in I-123 were populated in the reaction Se-80(Ca-48,p4n)I-123 at a beam energy of 207 MeV and gamma-ray coincidence events were measured using the Gammasphere spectrometer. Three weakly populated, high-spin rotational bands have been discovered with characteristics similar to those of the long collective bands recently observed in other nuclei of this mass region. Configuration as

During the last few decades the field of entrepreneurship has received increased scholarly attention all over the world. Nevertheless, against this internationalization background, little is known about how entrepreneurship research developed in different regions. In this study, we illustrate the development of entrepreneurship field not only in the USA and Europe but also in China. The study is b