Background: Gene duplication followed by the functional divergence of the resulting pair of paralogous proteins is a major force shaping molecular networks in living organisms. Recent species-wide data for protein-protein interactions and transcriptional regulations allow us to assess the effect of gene duplication on robustness and plasticity of these molecular networks. Results: We demonstrate t

Using a new channel shape equation for straight channels and a more versatile channel shape or local flow depth equation for natural streams a method is developed for prediction of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in single-channel natural streams, including straight and meandering ones. The method involves derivation of a new triple integral expression for the longitudinal dispersion coeff

The morphology of cerebral microvessels was studied immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally in 6- to 9-month-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) with a systolic blood pressure of 138 +/- 15 mm Hg, 189 +/- 9 mm Hg, and 258 +/- 30 mm Hg respectively. Regions with major opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were revealed

The design and properties of a double twin heat conduction microcalorimeter are described. In this instrument two twin microcalorimeters are placed close together, one on top of the other. The size of the instrument is the same as that of a commercial single twin microcalorimeter and each of the twin parts has similar properties as one normal twin microcalorimeter. The cross-talk between the calor

This paper examines tongue movements in stop and fricative consonants where the duration of the oral closure/constriction for the consonant is varied for linguistic purposes. Native speakers of Japanese served as subjects. The linguistic material consisted of Japanese word pairs that only differed in the duration of the lingual consonant, which was either long or short. Recordings were made of ton

Feminists, like many others, want to make a difference. They are interested in social change. They are especially interested in the ways this concerns the position of women in our societies. In order to accomplish this, the different actors within the women’s movements of Europe must be present in the political arenas where decisions are made. This concerns white indigenous women, as well as Black

Non-radiative decay of core excitations at the B 1s and N 1s absorption edges of bulk hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been studied with resonant Auger spectroscopy. In order to reproduce the bulk properties of the sample while keeping it electrically conducting, we have grown reasonably thick (more than 20nm) polycrystalline films of h-BN on a Ni(111) surface by thermal cracking of borazine vap

Purpose: Prostaglandin E-2 and its EP1 receptor were suggested as endogenous modulators of bladder function in the normal physiological state and under pathophysiological conditions. We investigated if the new EP1 receptor antagonist PF-2907617-02 would influence the regulation of normal micturition in rats, and if it affects bladder function in animals with partial bladder outlet obstruction. Mat

Migratory strategies of birds require complex orientation mechanisms, morphological adaptations, and life-history adjustments. From an evolutionary perspective, it is important to know how fast this complex combination of traits can evolve. We analyzed mitochondrial control-region DNA sequences in 241 blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) from 12 populations with different migratory behaviors. The sample

Abstract is not available

A simple, yet safe and effective set of experiments to expose chemistry students to some of the effects that may be encountered when scaling up an organic reaction is described. The exothermic Diels–Alder reaction between maleic anhydride and cyclopentadiene was found to be ideal for our purposes and was performed in small, medium, and large scale for comparison. The observed differences of heat e

This thesis is an empirical and theoretical study of the emergence of five Swedish conditional subordinators: utan, om, hvar, ifall and bara. The first changes occur in the 13th century, and the last in the 18th century. After a theoretical introduction, in which grammaticalization as well as conditionality and conditional structures are critically discussed, five paths of change are identified. T