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Anolis sagrei exhibit a female limited dorsal pattern polymorphism with two discrete pattern morphs (chevron or diamond). The underlying genetic basis has been traced to a Mendelian autosomal locus (gene CCDC170) which is adjacent to the gene for estrogen receptor one (ESR1). Thus, this model system gives an excellent opportunity to study the origin and maintenance of new phenotypic variants. In t
Naturlig selektion i vilda skalbaggspopulationer Naturlig selektion är en nyckelfaktor för evolutionen. Även om vi vet att mängden variation i egenskaper (fenotyper) ger råmaterial för selektion och om den är genetisk påverkar evolutionens hastighet, har vi fortfarande mycket att lära om hur naturlig selektion påverkar specifika egenskaper över tid. I min examensuppsats undersökte jag hur naturliNatural selection is an important force behind evolution. It is well known that phenotypic variation provides opportunity for evolution, but research into how selection acts on specific traits over time is lacking. In this thesis, I studied how selection acts upon the shape and body size of the beetle Cassida viridis. Across three populations, I measured size (length and area), shape, and lifespan
Billions of birds migrate thousands of kilometres twice a year. The migration is an energetic challenge, with over 70% of the total energy expenditure being spent at stopover sites. There are different strategies birds can use to conserve energy, such as reducing the metabolic rate. This study aimed to investigate the potential nighttime energy saving in long-distance versus short-distance migrati
Involving a controlled reduction of body temperature (lowering of 3 - 10 °C), nocturnal hypothermia is a common strategy among birds to manage the high energy expenditure required for body temperature regulation, particularly during periods of elevated metabolic demands. In this study, I investigated whether migrating passerines generally use controlled nocturnal hypothermia as a migratory strateg
Biofilms are intricate bacterial communities prevalent in diverse environments and rely on complex physiological adaptations and interactions to manifest community-intrinsic properties. The biofilm matrix itself is a major contributor to biofilm dynamics, as one of the mediators of the interactions within the biofilm, and it is composed of a diverse array of molecules. This project focuses on Sten
Recent years have seen an increase in reports on rising wildfire occurrences in countries of the Middle East. Wildfires are integral parts of terrestrial ecosystems and as such prone to the recent, large-scale anthropogenic changes of global ecosystem dynamics. However, the systematic analysis of patterns of wildfire occurrences – fire regimes – is concentrated on a few well studied regions and re
The following thesis seeks to explore the role of myth-making and securitisation in the United Kingdom’s ontological security and identity formation, as seen in their discourses surrounding security and the normalisation of far-right imaginaries and sentiments. It uses the United Kingdom as a case study in lieu of studying the larger phenomena of how national identity has been framed in security d
Behovet av förnybar energi är stort och förväntas öka i framtiden. I Sverige står vattenkraft för en betydande andel av elproduktionen, där anläggningarna ofta innebär fysiska hinder för vandringsberoende fiskarter. För att bibehålla elproduktionen och samtidigt säkerställa god konnektivitet i vattendragen krävs väl fungerande migrationslösningar förbi kraftverken, både för uppströmsvandrande och The need for renewable energy is substantial and is expected to increase in the future. In Sweden, hydropower accounts for a significant portion of the energy production, with facilities often presenting physical barriers to migratory fish species. To maintain electricity production while ensuring good connectivity in watercourses, effective migration solutions past the power plants are required f
Mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in childhood cancer Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells start to divide uncontrollably, until they start to invade other tissues. Neuroblastoma is the third most common early childhood cancer. It develops in the sympathetic nervous system, and it is most often found in the adrenal gland. High-risk neuroblastoma is challenging to treat and has poor pr
Att framställa färger via olinjär optik Genom att studera ljus, i synnerhet dess interaktioner med materia, har mängder av framsteg gjorts inom teknik och vår förståelse för universums lagar. Lasern var en revolutionerande teknik när den kom 1960, och den möjliggör idag forskning inom extremt korta tidsskalor med hög intensitet. Ultrakorta laserpulser, som endast är några femtosekunder (10^−15 s)In recent years, the Multi-Pass Cell (MPC) has been increasingly employed and researched upon, after emerging as a promising post-compression technique for making ultrafast laser pulses shorter. Like most post-compression techniques, MPCs utilize a nonlinear effect, Self-Phase Modulation (SPM), which stems from the intensity-dependence of the refractive index of certain nonlinear materials, to ove
MORC2 (Microorchidia CW type Zinc Finger protein 2) is a GHKL (gyrase, heat shock protein 90, histidine kinase, MutL) ATPase involved in chromatin remodeling and is highly conserved in eukaryotes. Mutations in the ATPase domain of MORC2 are known to cause neurodevelopmental disorders. MORC2 is recruited by the HUSH complex to target long, intronless transcription units such as LINE-1 retrotranspos
Cancer immunotherapy employs the patients' own immune system to eradicate the tumor. The success of immunotherapies largely depends on an immune cell population, called T cells. T cells have the capacity to differentiate between healthy and malignant cells based on mutations that are displayed on the surface of cancer cells. After recognition of the tumor cell, T cells induce killing. However,
Kan spridning av bröstcancerceller förutspås? Bröstcancer är i dag världens vanligaste cancerform bland kvinnor. För att kunna fastställa en prognos som ger en bild över överlevnadsmöjligheten utförs flertalet undersökningar. Dels undersöks armhålan genom en ifrågasatt operation för att se om cancern spridits till armhålans lymfkörtlar. Frågan som ställs här är om det finns egenskaper hos bröstcaToday, breast cancer is the most common malignant disease among females worldwide. To predict the prognosis for outcome of the breast cancer, a number of prognostic factors are used such as the axillary lymph node status which is one of several factors to be evaluated when staging the disease. The axilla is routinely staged during sentinel lymph node biopsy excising a couple of lymph nodes to eval
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a versatile and biocompatible polysaccharide produced by bacteria, with Komagataeibacter xylinus being the model species for its production. This polymer has unique properties that make it valuable in several applications, including as a rheology modifier in cosmetics. Cellugy, a Danish start-up, produces EcoFLEXY, a BC-based rheology modifier that enhances the viscosit
Neurodegenerative diseases are becoming an increasing social and economic burden worldwide. A subset of neurodegenerative diseases, called tauopathies, accumulate abnormally aggregated tau (a microtubule-binding protein) as one of their main pathological hallmarks. The role of microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, in tau pathology, has been increasingly discussed in the past y
LINE1s are a subfamily of retrotransposons occupying around 17-21% of our genome. Most of these have lost their ability to transpose on their own, due to truncation of 5’UTR or the accumulation of mutations. Despite this, they can act as cis-regulatory elements and affect gene expression. One RNA modification has been proposed to regulate their expression is called N6-methyladenosine (m6A). It is
Can we fool the molecular time? Cells in our body contain all the information needed for their structure and function, stored in the genetic material, the DNA. Like volumes of an encyclopedia, DNA is organized into chromosomes. Every time the cells divide, all chromosomes are copied, and each new cell gets one copy. But the copying mechanism is not perfect; the end parts of each chromosome -calle
Den förrädiska antikroppen Streptokocker är en lömsk bakterie som har många olika sätt att ta sig runt vårt immunförsvar. Den kan låtsas vara en del av vår kropp genom att klä sig själv i en proteinkapsel som är väldigt likt ett mänskligt protein, bryta ned våra celler med hjälp av utsöndrade gifter och använda vårt immunförsvar mot oss genom att binda antikroppar till sig själv. En virulensfaktoThe Group A streptococcus (GAS) (Streptococcus pyogenes) is a significant human pathogen known for causing a diverse range of diseases, spanning from mild diseases such as pharyngitis to life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis. Its virulence comes from a plethora of immune evasion mechanisms, but the M protein with its hypervariable region and ability to bind human proteins, stands
Stroke is a highly debilitating disease of the central nervous system occurring as a result of cerebral ischemia – deprivation of a cerebral tissue from blood that supplies it with oxygen and glucose, causing the cells in affected tissue to die, bringing about a large number of downstream effects and responses. Localized infarction in the brain also triggers tissue death and related responses in r
