The extent to which sexual dimorphism can evolve within a population depends on an interaction between sexually divergent selection and constraints imposed by a genetic architecture that is shared between males and females. The degree of constraint within a population is normally inferred from the intersexual genetic correlation, r(mf) . However, such bivariate correlations ignore the potential co

Bacteria use stress response pathways to activate diverse target genes to react to a variety of stresses. The Bacillus subtilis Spx protein is a global transcriptional regulator that controls expression of more than 140 genes and operons in response to thiol-specific oxidative stress. Under non-stress conditions the concentration of Spx is kept low by proteolysis catalyzed by the ClpXP complex. Sp

All cancers are caused by somatic mutations; however, understanding of the biological processes generating these mutations is limited. The catalogue of somatic mutations from a cancer genome bears the signatures of the mutational processes that have been operative. Here we analysed 4,938,362 mutations from 7,042 cancers and extracted more than 20 distinct mutational signatures. Some are present in

The aim of this investigation is to measure the interface fracture toughness of a woven composite. For this purpose, double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens are tested to measure the load as the delamination grows. The specimen is composed of 15 layers of a carbon-epoxy, balanced weave with alternate layers containing fibers in the directions and the directions. A thin piece of Teflon is placed bet

In the present study, the heat transfer and pressure drop in the turn region of a two-pass channel have been investigated experimentally. The liquid crystal thermography method is utilized to measure local heat transfer rates. Eight cases were tested, including one smooth, and seven different rib-roughened turn surfaces. The tested Reynolds numbers are 20,000 and 26,000, respectively. Results indi

Background Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specifi c all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across

Background: Reference values for working capacity, blood pressure, heart rate, perceived exertion, etc. during bicycle exercise tests have been sought after for many years. This is because earlier commonly used reference values for physical work capacity have been either too low or too high when compared to the clinical experience of several Swedish departments of clinical physiology. The aim of t

Calculation of evaporative heat loss is essential to heat balance calculations. Despite recognition that the value for latent heat of evaporation, used in these calculations, may not always reflect the real cooling benefit to the body, only limited quantitative data on this is available which has found little use in recent literature. In this experiment a thermal manikin (MTNW, Seattle) was used t

The term ‘storytelling’ has a long history of prominence in descriptive and prescriptive talk about jazz improvisation. The main aim of this article is to point out that the ways in which jazz musicians themselves employ the ‘storytelling’ metaphor with reference to jazz improvisation display several important perspectives on perennial and fundamental prob- lems in the field of musical narrativity

Objective: assess the effect of clinical vertebral and other osteoporotic fractures on function and the subsequent risk of hospitalisation. Design: individuals from the prospective population-based cohort study Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Reykjavik study were examined between 2002 and 2006 and followed up for 5.4 years. Subjects: a total of 5,764 individuals, 57.7% women, born 1907

Diurnal and nocturnal African dung beetles use celestial cues, such as the sun, the moon, and the polarization pattern, to roll dung balls along straight paths across the savanna. Although nocturnal beetles move in the same manner through the same environment as their diurnal relatives, they do so when light conditions are at least 1 million-fold dimmer. Here, we show, for the first time to our kn

ApoA-I, the main protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), is suggested to be involved in metabolic homeostasis. We examined the effects of Milano, a naturally occurring ApoA-I variant, about which little mechanistic information is available. Remarkably, high fat-fed mice treated with Milano displayed a rapid weight loss greater than ApoA-I WT treated mice, and a significantly reduced a

When studying tunable electrostatic repulsions in aqueous suspensions of charged colloids, irreversible colloid aggregation or gelation may occur at high salt concentrations. For many commonly used synthetic colloids, such as polystyrene and silica particles, the reason for coagulation is the presence of unbalanced, strongly attractive, and short-ranged van der Waals (VDW) forces. Here, we present

Non-traumatic pain in the shoulder, arm and hand (brachialgia) is a common complaint in the field of musculoskeletal disorders, where nerve entrapment constitutes a possible cause. The effect of nerve compression is dose-dependent; hence a low-level compression will only result in decreased endoneurial circulation, neural edema and a Seddon's grade-IV weakness, but won't be revealed in nerve condu

The Danish national return-to-work (RTW) program aims to improve the management of municipal sickness benefit in Denmark. A study is currently ongoing to evaluate the RTW program. The purpose of this article is to describe the study protocol. The program includes 21 municipalities encompassing approximately 19 500 working-age adults on long-term sickness absence, regardless of reason for sickness

A high-resolution , X-ray and gamma-ray coincidence spectroscopy experiment was conducted at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung. Thirty correlated alpha-decay chains were detected following the fusion-evaporation reaction 48Ca + 243Am. The observations are consistent with previous assignments of similar decay chains to originate from element Z = 115. For the first time, precise spec

Context: Drug abuse (DA) strongly runs in families. Does this result solely from genetic factors or does the family environment contribute? Objective: To determine the familial environmental contribution to the risk for DA. Design: Follow-up in 9 public databases (1961-2009) in siblings and spouses. Setting: Sweden. Participants: A total of 137 199 sibling pairs and 7561 spousal pairs containing a

Background The incidence of hematologic cancers increases with age. These cancers are associated with recurrent somatic mutations in specific genes. We hypothesized that such mutations would be detectable in the blood of some persons who are not known to have hematologic disorders. Methods We analyzed whole-exome sequencing data from DNA in the peripheral-blood cells of 17,182 persons who were uns

The additional effect of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction on muscle strength and physical performance after a structured exercise programme is not well understood.