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Prevalence and Pharmacologic Treatment of Breathlessness in Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chronic breathlessness is a feared and distressing symptom with significant impact on daily life. Little is known of the prevalence of breathlessness at the end of life in severe COPD. International guidelines support the use of opioids to treat breathlessness, but it is unknown how comm

Monte Carlo Tools

Given the current landscape in experimental high-energy physics, these lectures are focused on applications of event generators for hadron colliders such as the Tevatron and LHC. Much of this would also be relevant for e+e−machines like LEP, ILC and CLIC, or e±p machines like HERA, but with some differences not discussed here. Heavy-ion physics is not addressed, since it involves rather different as

QCD radiation off heavy particles

An algorithm for an improved description of final-state QCD radiation is introduced. It is matched to the first-order matrix elements for gluon emission in a host of decays, for processes within the Standard Model and the Minimal Supersymmetric extension thereof.

Gamma gamma interactions from real to virtual photons

A ‘complete’ framework for γγ/γ*γ/γ*γ* interactions is presented. The emphasis is on providing a model for γγ physics at all photon virtualities, including the difficult transition region Q2∼m2ρ.

PYTHIA and HERWIG for linear collider physics

An overview is given of general-purpose event generators, especially PYTHIA and HERWIG. The current status is summarized, some recent physics improvements are described, and planned future projects are outlined.

Jet production by real and virtual photons

The production of jets is studied in collisions of virtual photons, specifically for applications at HERA. Photon flux factors are convoluted with matrix elements involving either direct or resolved photons and, for the latter, with parton distributions of the photon. Special emphasis is put on the range of uncertainty in the modeling of the resolved component. The resulting model is compared with