Aims: This study looked at whether oral desmopressin, by decreasing kidney urine production, would prolong bladder filling-time thereby increasing the time to reach maximum capacity, thus reducing overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms, and providing an alternative method of treatment to OAB sufferers. Methods: An investigator-initiated, 2-week, multi-national, multi-centre, "proof-of-concept," phase I

Territorial animals maintain a certain distance to neighbouring conspecifics, presumably leading to a regular spatial pattern through social spacing. Nevertheless, most animal populations are assumed to show aggregation at certain distance ranges, reflecting the scale dependency of spatial patterns. Leucorchestris arenicola (Araneae: Sparassidae) is a burrow-living spider species that shows territ

As the commercial Fe-Mo-oxide catalyst for methanol oxidation to formaldehyde suffers from deactivation by Mo volatilization, alternative catalysts are of interest. Therefore, TiO2-, alpha-Al2O3- and SiO2-supported (Fe)-V-O catalysts were prepared with loading up to 30 μmol of each metal per msq. surface area of the support. The samples were activity tested using a high inlet concentration of meth

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious disease for which there is no effective vaccine. This review considers how adhesins, iron-acquisition factors, capsule and lipopolysaccharide, RTX cytotoxins and other potential future vaccine components contribute to colonisation, to avoidance of host clearance mechanisms and to damage of host tissues.

We have performed a detailed calculation of the inter-Wannier-Stark-ladder Zener tunneling probability P(F) in a wide-miniband GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As superlattice under a strong electric field F, the terahertz emission spectrum I(F) of which was measured experimentally. By comparing P(F) and I(F), we confirm that the oscillating behavior of I(F) is due to the Zener tunneling between Wannier-Stark level

A general thermodynamic model of the concentration polarization phenomena of colloidal particles at a membrane surface is presented. The model is based on the balance between a thermodynamic force, due to the osmotic pressure gradient, and a frictional force, due to the fluid flow around each particle. A cell model description is used to model the concentration dependence of the thermodynamic forc

A role for genetic factors in the etiology of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (LPL/WM) is implicated based on prior findings from multiply affected families and small case-control and cohort studies. We identified 2144 LPL/WM patients (1539 WM [72%] and 605 LPL [28%]) diagnosed in Sweden, 8279 population-based matched controls, and linkable first-degree relatives of patien

Accumulating data indicate that a diet characterized by low glycaemic-index (GI) foods not only improves certain metabolic ramifications of insulin resistance, but also reduces insulin resistance per se. Epidemiological data also suggest a protective role against development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. A major disadvantage in this connection is the shorta

This article examines the recent development of, and policy rationale for research pooling initiatives in Scotland. Research pooling initiatives have been started with financial support from the Scottish Funding Council in order to form inter-organizational international critical mass of research excellence at universities at the regional level. This article examines the development of university

Aggrecan, versican, neurocan, and brevican are important components of the extracellular matrix in various tissues. Their amino-terminal globular domains bind to hyaluronan, but the function of their carboxyl-terminal globular domains has long remained elusive. A picture is now emerging where the C-type lectin motif of this domain mediates binding to other extracellular matrix proteins. We here de

Formation of insoluble polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) between RNA and polycations was followed by measuring the residual RNA absorbance in the solution after separation of the precipitate. The polycations studied were poly(N,N-dimethyldiallylammonium) chloride (pendant type) and 2,5-ionene bromide (integral type) with quaternary amino groups in every monomer unit. The data obtained were compared

Today there is ample evidence that the Cognitive Interview (CI) enhances witnesses' memory. However, less is known about how the CI affects eyewitnesses' confidence. To address this shortcoming we conducted a study analyzing how realism in confidence was affected by the CI. All participants (n = 79) were first shown a filmed kidnapping. After 2 weeks we interviewed one-third of the participants ac

Background: Complement C2 deficiency is the most common genetically determined complete complement deficiency and is associated with a number of diseases. Most prominent are the associations with recurrent serious infections in young children and the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in adults. The links with these diseases reflect the important role complement C2 plays in both inn

This paper extends the concept of weak renegotiation-proof equilibrium (WRP) to allow for costly renegotiation and shows that even small renegotiation costs can have dramatic effects on the set of equilibria. More specifically, the paper analyzes the infinitely repeated Bertrand game. It is shown that for every level of renegotiation cost, there exists a discount factor such that any collusive pro

We monitored the kinetics of grazer-induced responses in the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. Chemical cues from each of three calanoid copepods (Calanus sp., Centropages typicus, and Acartia tonsa) induced increased toxicity and suppressed chain formation in A. tamarense. Both chemical and morphological responses augmented over 3 d. Toxicity subsequently averaged 299% higher than cont

Categories frequently discussed in terms of intersectionality are gender, class, race, ethnicity and sexual orientation. This article argues that, often, religion is also a relevant dimension in intersectional analyses. The concept "religious proximity" is therefore introduced as an analytical tool which will facilitate a more complex analysis of situations where a religious dimension interacts wi

Introduction. We aim to create an in-depth understanding of how pupils in upper secondary school negotiate the credibility and authority of information as part of their practices of learning. Particular focus is on the use of user-created resources, such as Wikipedia, where authorship is collective and/or hard to determine. Method. An ethnographic study was conducted in an upper secondary school c

How the variability of the atmospheric circulation affects precipitation in Iceland is not completely understood. Also, the sea surface temperature (SST) has a strong influence on the temperature over the country, and thereby, snow and glacial melt. This study, therefore, aims at explaining how atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature influence seasonal and annual precipitation, and, co