A simulation program has been developed and used to study the condensate treatment process in a kraft pulp mill consisting of a stripper, a methanol column and a decanter. The simulations require rigorous models for vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations. The Wilson equation and the NRTL equation (non random two liquids) have been used for these calculations New data were included

Coexistence conditions for prewetting and layering at a hard surface in additive hard sphere polymer solutions, where the solvent particles are smaller than the monomers, have been calculated by density functional methods. Various chain lengths and pressures have been investigated. An unexpected finding is that prewetting in these systems may proceed below the bulk critical pressure. We rationaliz

Public-private partnerships (PPP) have been advanced as a new tool of global governance, which can supply both effective and legitimate governance. In the context of recent debates on the democratic legitimacy of transnational governance, this paper focuses on accountability as a central component of legitimacy. The aim of this paper is to map transnational climate partnerships and evaluate their

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to optimize conditions for retroviral transduction of human cord blood (CB) CD34+ cells and to reveal mechanisms which interfere with efficient gene transfer. METHODS: An MSCV based retroviral vector with the gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein (MGIN) produced by GP+envAM12 (amphotropic envelope), PG13 (gibbon ape leukemia virus envelope)

Treatment of haemophilia is extremely costly due to the short biological half-life of infused factor and pricing issues. This paper examines the impact of different dosing schedules on factor consumption, via a review of literature on dosing regimens used for prophylaxis with a focus on pharmacokinetics (PK). Pharmacokinetics were found to have an important role for pharmacoeconomics in factor dos

The basic bound on the generalisation error of a PAC learner makes the assumption that a consistent hypothesis exists. This makes it appropriate to apply the method only in the case where we have a guarantee that a consistent hypothesis can be found, something that is rarely possible in real applications. The same problem arises if we decide not to use a hypothesis unless its error is below a pres

Throughout the 1990s, most rural municipalities in Sweden experienced population declines and were forced to face the constraints of an ageing population. To counter this development a significant share turned to place marketing campaigns and promotion in the hope of attracting new residents. This paper examines the campaign efforts of the Swedish rural municipalities and addresses the question of

Swifts, Apus apus, spend the night aloft and this offers an opportunity to test the degree of adaptability of bird orientation and flight to different ecological situations. We predicted the swifts' behaviour by assuming that they are adapted to minimize energy expenditure during the nocturnal flight and during a compensatory homing flight if they become displaced by wind. We tested the prediction

The efficiency of trityl bromide (4) and diaryl carbenium ion precursors 5-7 in hydride abstraction from a series of cyclohexenyl molybdenum complexes (2) was investigated. The novel nonracemic hydride abstractors 14a,b were designed and prepared and were shown to effectuate hydride abstraction from prochiral substrate 15 with modest enantioselectivity.

Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) - the dramatic reduction of electrical resistivity in a magnetic field and charge ordering (CO) in rare earth manganites of the type Ln(1-x)A(x)MnO(3) [Ln: rare earth, A: divalent cation] are manifestations of the intricate relation between orbital, spin, charge and lattice degrees of freedom. Recent studies indicate that the inhomogeneous state of mixed-valence ma

The therapeutic effectiveness of boron neutron capture therapy is highly dependent on the microscopic distribution of the administered boron compound. Two boron compounds with different uptake mechanisms in the tumour cells may thus cause effects of different degrees even if the macroscopic boron concentrations in the tumour tissue are the same. This difference is normally expressed quantitatively

The objective was to compare volume blood flow (VBF) in the descending aorta (DAo) of gestational age and weight-matched growth restricted (GR) and normal (N) fetuses. A longitudinal study of 20 N was compared with 11 GR in two analyses matched for weight and gestation. DAo dimensions and flow velocity were measured simultaneously using a new technique combining an ultrasonic phase-locked echo-tra

We present a web-based method for mapping various relations between agents that have been involved in an emergency response operation. The method is based on combining a web-questionnaire with telephone interviews and it provides an efficient way of collecting large amount of information concerning the agents. By using the resulting network of agents it is possible to perform various network analy

Several members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have an important role in the development of skeletal tissues. FGF-8 is widely expressed in the developing skeleton, but its function there has remained unknown. We asked in this study whether FGF-8 could have a role in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to an osteoblastic lineage. Addition of FGF-8 to mouse bone marrow cultur