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An improved conventional-to-micro/minichannel threshold was proposed as Bo = 4 and BoRe(1)(0.5) = 200, where Bo is the Bond number and Re-1 is the liquid Reynolds number. The region Bo < 4 and BoRe(1)(0.5) < 200 is termed as micro/minichannel because bubbles tend to be confined and elongated in the channel and the conventional two-phase flow theory loses its applicability. Flow-pattern based heat
Popular Abstract in Swedish Djur och människor exponeras hela tiden för virus, bakterier och andra parasiter. Många av dessa virus och bakterier är ofarliga, medan andra orsakar infektioner och gör oss sjuka. När ett djur smittas av t.ex. ett virus eller en bakterie som orsakar en infektion börjar deras immunförsvar direkt arbetet med att bli av med infektionen. Den första reaktionen som följer påPathogen challenges and host immune defenses can have substantial impact on life history patterns of animals. Biotic and abiotic factors may affect immunity in wild animals, influencing e.g., population dynamics and sexual selection. The overall aim of this thesis was to assess costs and benefits of immune system activation on physiology, behavior and offspring phenotype. The conducted research ha
Popular Abstract in Swedish Rätten till domstolsprövning är en grundläggande rättighet som förekommer i alla demokratiska stater. Utgångspunkten är att alla har rätt att få sina tvister prövade av en domstol i ett förfarande som uppfyller vissa kvaliteter, en rättvis rättegång, och att staten har ett ansvar att tillhandahålla förutsättningar för sådana tvistlösningsförfaranden inför domstol. DäremOne of the most fundamental rights in any democratic state is the right of access to court. Every individual shall have the right to bring legal disputes before a court, in a proceeding with specifically defined characteristics, a fair trial, and the state is responsible for supplying the conditions and prerequisites to carry out this dispute resolution process in a court of law. However, this rig
The European Research Training Network ”Women in European Universities” investigates women’s career opportunities in higher education. In seven European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) women’s position and career perspectives within the systems of higher education are analyzed. Main focus of the project is the ”glass ceiling” that women encounter
The aim of this dissertation is to study how narratorial commentary is implemented in six of George Eliot's novels ? Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner, Felix Holt, Middlemarch and Daniel Deronda ? as a process for shaping the reader's responses to these texts. Focusing on the ways in which narratorial commentary steers the dynamic relationship between narrator and reader, this investi
Popular Abstract in Swedish Alla växter utsätts för någon form av stress i sin dagliga miljö. Till exempel råder det väldigt sällan optimala tillväxtförhållanden på en åker, där ogräsen konkurrerar, insekterna knaprar, svamparna frodas och olika näringsbrister kan råda, för att inte tala om de torra somrarna. Det är alltså troligt att en växt utsätts för ett flertal stressfaktorer samtidigt, vilkePlants are exposed to many different stress factors during their lifetime, often more than one factor at a time, which highlights the importance of research regarding interaction among stress factors. Cadmium and ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm) are two potential stress factors in the environment, which have gained increased interest due to atmospheric pollution. In this work the intera
The time-domain theory of forerunners (precursors) in temporally dispersive, nonmagnetic, isotropic materials is developed with the propagator technique. Specifically, the impulse response at a (comparatively) large propagation depth is expanded in two different ways: (a) with respect to the wave front and (b) with respect to slowly varying field components. A few numerical examples illustrating t
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