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As negotiations on the post-2012 climate regime are now taking off, it is time to look back and assess the experiences of the clean development mechanism (CDM) to this date. The CDM has been subject to extensive discussion in academic literature during the last few years, and this article reviews that literature in order to sum up its main themes. A common assessment is that the current structure
We present a simple and controllable method for fabricating nano-apertures in a metal film using polystyrene nano-spheres as masks during the metal evaporation. We show how the processing conditions used during deposition of the spheres such as spin velocity, nano-sphere concentration and a reduction of the surface tension interplay and control the distribution of spheres. The fabrication method i
Information storage in neural circuits depends on activity-dependent alterations in synaptic weights, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Bidirectional synaptic plasticity endows synapses with mechanisms for rapid reversibility, but it remains unclear how it correlates with reversibility in behavioral learning and whether there is a universal synaptic memory mechan
Objective. To explore situations in which parents with an ill child consult a physician and to identify trigger factors for consultation. Design and settings. Qualitative interviews with parents of young children. Parents were asked to describe the situation in which the decision to contact the physician was made. Subjects. A total of 20 families selected from a birth cohort from Frederiksborg Cou
The next generation of telescopes, the Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs), will have a multitude Of control loops to maintain nearly diffraction-limited performance in the presence of atmospheric turbulence and external disturbances, for instance from wind. Integrated simulation models combining structural and optical modeling together with control system modeling are efficient tools for prediction
Macroporous monolithic cryogels made from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with degree of saponification 87.7% have been prepared using a crosslinking reaction with glutaralclehyde under acidic conditions at subzero ternperatures. The porous structure of the monolithic cryogels from PVA (cryoPVA), analyzed using optical microscopy, scarinina electron microscopy, and environmental scanning electron micros
Insertions and deletions of nucleotides in the genes encoding the variable domains of antibodies are natural components of the hypermutation process, which may expand the available repertoire of hypervariable loop lengths and conformations. Although insertion of amino acids has also been utilized in antibody engineering, little is known about the functional consequences of such modifications. To i
Background: The time course of infarct evolution, i.e. how fast myocardial infarction (MI) develops during coronary artery occlusion, is well known for several species, whereas no direct evidence exists on the evolution of MI size normalized to myocardium at risk (MaR) in man. Despite the lack of direct evidence, current literature often refers to the "golden hour" as the time during which myocard
With its focus on gender, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of work locus of control (WLC) for job satisfaction and health in the context of occupational stress. Data were collected from 281 women and men at both managerial and non-managerial level in a Swedish telecom company. As hypothesized, external WLC was positively related to stressors and symptoms of ill-health, whereas it
Objective. To explore risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality in hypertensive patients treated in primary care. Design. Community-based cohort study. Setting. Hypertension outpatient clinic in primary health care. Subjects. Patients who consecutively underwent an annual follow-up during 1992-1993 (n =894; 377 men and 517 women). Methods. All events of fatal AMI were ascertaine
We prove a blow-up result for a nonlinear shallow water equation by showing that certain initial profiles evolve into breaking waves.
This study addressed the effects of apnea in air and apnea with face immersion in cold water (10 degrees C) on the diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during dynamic exercise. Eight trained breath-hold divers performed steady-state exercise on a cycle ergometer at 100 W. During exercise, each subject performed 30-s apneas in air and 30-s apneas with face immersion. The heart rate and ar
The posterior medial parietal cortex and the left prefrontal cortex have both been implicated in the recollection of past episodes. In order to clarify their functional significance, we performed this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, which employed event-related source memory and item recognition retrieval of words paired with corresponding imagined or viewed pictures. Our results sugg
Rotational Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) has the last decades been developed into a useful tool for thermometry and concentration measurements in combustion. In this paper, we present a novel polarization approach of the technique, which will enhance its potential and widen the range of conditions at which it can be utilized. The theory of the polarization approach is described in
A system modeling two phase flow in porous medium is discussed. The model consists of a weakly hyperbolic part describing the convection and a stiff rate equation modeling the adsorption. Well-posedness of the equilibrium system is reviewed and stiff well-posedness of a linearized version of the full system with relaxation is analyzed in detail.
This paper discusses the impact of flexibility when designing a Viterbi decoder for both convolutional and TCM codes. Different trade-offs have to be considered in choosing the right architecture for the processing blocks and the resulting hardware penalty is evaluated. We study the impact of symbol quantization that degrades performance and affects the wordlength of the rate-flexible trellis data
A model describing the performance of a fuel cell based on 10 mol% gadolinia-doped ceria, Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95−x (CG10), was formulated. The total electrical conductivity of CG10 was measured under very reducing conditions in the temperature range of 753 K to 948 K. Oxygen permeation experiments were carried out to measure the leak current through a ceria electrolyte. The results of the measurements ar
