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Idén om aktiebolaget bygger på att bolaget utgör en fristående juridisk person, som de fysiska personerna bakom bolaget endast i begränsad omfattning kan bli ansvariga för. Enligt handlingsmönstret som lagstiftaren ställt upp vid kritisk kapitalbrist kan dock styrelseledamöter och andra fysiska personer bli personligt ansvariga för bolagets förpliktelser under vissa förutsättningar. Det övergripaThe idea of the limited company is based on the fact that the company constitutes an independent legal entity, whom shareholders and board of directors have a limited liability for. However, if a critical shortage of capital arises, the Swedish Companies Act stipulates that the board of directors and the shareholders can be personally liable for the company’s obligations. The general purpose of t

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda det straffrättsliga skyddet mot hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck mot kvinnor, samt studera hur strukturella ojämlikheter påverkar kvinnors möjligheter till skydd mot denna typ av våld i Sverige. För att uppnå detta syfte behandlas frågor som exempelvis vad hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck är, hur den svenska lagstiftningen på området ser ut samt hur lagstifThe purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the Swedish criminal justice system gives women adequate protection against honor related violence and oppression. The thesis also examines how structural inequalities effects the protection provided by the system. To achieve this, the thesis defines what honor related violence and oppression is, examines how the applicable Swedish law is designed a

Kränkningsersättning är ett rent ideellt skadestånd. Syftet med ersättningen är att kompensera de momentana känslor som uppstått hos den skadelidande när denne utsatts för ett angrepp mot den personliga integriteten. Det är skadan som ersätts och denna skada bestäms utifrån ett antal objektiva kriterier. För att kränkningsersättning ska utgå enligt 2 kap. 3 § SkL krävs det att det har begåtts ett Damages for a violation against the personal integrity are purely immaterial damages. The purpose of the damages is to compensate the temporary emotions which has arisen within the injured party during the attack on his or hers personal integrity. The victim is being compensated for the damage he or she has suffered due to the attack and the damage itself is determined by a number of objective cri

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how disability can be mobilised as an analytical category in a critique of neoliberal capitalism as it affects laborers, their bodies, and their socio-economic as well as ecological environment. In particular, I unpack how and why the body is rendered able and unable by political economy, and how the labor market instantiates hegemonic norms of ability. Tak

För att ett företag ska kunna bli beskattat för vinsten i ett land, krävs att företaget i fråga kan anses ha ett fast driftställe i landet. Den svenska definitionen av begreppet bygger på det modellavtal som OECD har producerat. Den svenska definitionen innehåller inga specifika undantag från fast driftställe utan har istället ett övergripande krav att verksamheten ska vara förberedande eller bitrFor a company to be taxed for their profit in a state, the company has to be attributed to a permanent establishment in the state in question. The Swedish definition of a permanent establishment is inspired by the definition found in the model tax treaty of OECD. The definition found in the Swedish tax law does not contain any specific activities which are subject to exception from the term perman

There are currently several commercially available radiotherapy treatment units without a flattening filter in the beam line. Unflattened photon beams have an energy and lateral fluence distribution that is different from conventional beams and, thus, their attenuation properties differ. As a consequence, for flattening filter free (FFF) beams, the relationship between the beam-quality specifier T

Antisymmetric magneto-resistance anomalies generated by a reversal of the magnetization are studied in a number of GaMnAs/InGaAs layers with out-of-plane (easy axis) magnetization. The anomalies occur independent of the magnetic field orientation. This shows, that once a magnetic domain with reversed magnetization is nucleated, simply the presence of the domain wall between the longitudinal contac

Translating new findings in the laboratory into therapies for patients is a slow and expensive process. The development of therapies for neurodegenerative diseases is further complicated by the difficulty in determining whether the drug truly retards the slow degenerative process or provides only symptomatic benefit. In this issue, Aviles-Olmos et al. describe a first in Parkinson's disease (PD) p

Background: The involvement of aquaporin (AQP) water and small solute channels in the etiology of several diseases, including cancer, neuromyelitis optica and body fluid imbalance disorders, has been suggested previously. Furthermore, results obtained in a mouse model suggested that AQP9 function contributes to hyperglycemia in type-2 diabetes. In addition, the physiological role of several AQP fa

How the molecular programs of differentiated cells develop as cells transit from multipotency through lineage commitment remains unexplored. This reflects the inability to access cells undergoing commitment or located in the immediate vicinity of commitment boundaries. It remains unclear whether commitment constitutes a gradual process, or else represents a discrete transition. Analyses of in vitr

Background: Cohort studies of the relationship between air pollution exposure and chronic health effects require predictions of exposure over long periods of time. Objectives: We developed a unified modeling approach for predicting fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and black carbon (as measured by light absorption coefficient) in six U.S. metropolitan regions from 1999

Introduction: There is a shortage of tools designed for use by occupational therapy practice in Arabic-speaking countries. The purpose of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the original Satisfaction with Daily Occupations tool to Arabic and assess the psychometric properties of the adapted tool. Method: A cross-cultural adaptation process was performed. Face, content, and crite

New types of knowledge, and new ways of organising the production of it, may emerge as knowledge producers respond to the challenges posed by a changing society. This paper focuses on the core knowledge of one such emerging field, namely, innovation studies. To explore the knowledge base of the field, a database of references in scholarly surveys of various aspects of innovation, published in "han

A bioanode with high current density and coulombic efficiency was developed by co-immobilization of pyranose dehydrogenase from Agaricus meleagris (AmPDH) with the dehydrogenase domain of cellobiose dehydrogenase from Corynascus thermophiles (recDHCtCDH) expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli. The two enzymes were entrapped in Os-complex modified electrodeposition polymers (Os-EDPs) with spec

Protein C inhibitor (PCI) is a serine protease inhibitor and was originally identified as an inhibitor of activated protein C (APC). However, PCI is not specific for APC and also inhibits several proteases involved in coagulation, fibrinolysis, cancer, wound healing, and fertility. The biological function of PCI is unknown due to broad enzyme specificity, its wide tissue distribution, and the lack

The Branched Chain Saturated Alcohol (BCSA) group of fragrance ingredients was evaluated for safety. In humans, no evidence of skin irritation was found at concentrations of 2-10%. Undiluted, 11 materials evaluated caused moderate to severe eye irritation. As current end product use levels are between 0.001% and 1.7%, eye irritation is not a concern. The materials have no or low sensitizing potent

Abstract is not available

Detailed analysis of data from studies of recombinant antihemophilic factor produced using a plasma/albumin-free method (rAHF-PFM) in previously treated patients showed a substantial level of interpatient variation in pharmacokinetics (PKs), factor VIII dosing, and annualized bleed rate (ABR), suggesting that individual patient characteristics contributed to outcome. For example, plasma half-life