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Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of anthocyanins from red onion: A study on extraction and degradation rates

Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) is a quick, efficient and environmentally friendly technique for extractions. However. when using PHWE to extract thermally unstable analytes, extraction and degradation effects occur at the same time, and thereby compete. At first, the extraction effect dominates, but degradation effects soon take over. In this paper, extraction and degradation rates of ant

The role of seniority-zero states in nuclear level densities

At low excitation energies seniority-zero states dominate the level density of K = 0 bands in deformed even even nuclei, while they play no role at higher excitation energies. We describe the level densities in a Fermi-gas model as well as in a combinatorial level-density model and compare to detailed experimental data for some rare-earth nuclei. An explanation is provided for recent observations

Genetic profiles of gastroesophageal cancer: combined analysis using expression array and tiling array-comparative genomic hybridization

We aimed to characterize the genomic profiles of adenocarcinomas in the gastroesophageal junction in relation to cancers in the esophagus and the stomach. Profiles of gains/losses as well as gene expression profiles were obtained from 27 gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas by means of 32k high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization and 27k oligo gene expression arrays, and putative

Molluscs as evidence for a late Pleistocene and early Holocene humid period in the southern coastal desert of Peru (14.5 degrees S)

The southern Peruvian coastal desert around Palpa, southern Peru (14.5 degrees S) is currently characterized by hyper-arid conditions. However, the presence of two species of molluscs (Scutalus, Pupoides) and desert-loess deposits indicates the past development of semi-desert and grassland ecosystems caused by a displacement of the eastern desert margin due to hydrological changes. Radiocarbon dat

Optimal management of invasive species with different reproduction and survival strategies

In this paper, a numerical model is developed for analyzing the role of species life history and age structure for the optimal management of a commercial resident species that is exposed to an invasive species. It is shown that reproduction and mortality characteristics of both species ands age structure of the invader at the time of invasion are important for the costs of invasions when the invad

Surface structure and reactivity of Pd(100) during CO oxidation near ambient pressures

The surface structure of Pd(100) during CO oxidation was measured using a combination of a flow reactor and in situ surface X-ray diffraction coupled to a large-area 2-dimensional detector. The surface structure was measured for P-O2/P-CO ratios between 0.6 and 10 at a fixed total gas pressure of 200 mbar and a fixed CO pressure of 10 +/- 1 mbar. In conjunction with the surface structure the react

Boktryckarna i Åbo 1750-1828. En bokhistorisk studie genom ett yrke

When the immigrant printer from Germany, Johan Christopher Frenckell (1719-1779), became co-owner and principal of the academic printing house in Åbo in 1765, the old competition with the Royal Finnish Printing Office in Stockholm became obvious. The privileges to print catechisms and hymnbooks in Finnish now belonged again to the university of Åbo, but the Carlbohms continued to print these best-

Hygroscopic properties of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol particles measured with H-TDMA instruments in various environments - a review

The hygroscopic properties play a vital role for the direct and indirect effects of aerosols on climate, as well as the health effects of particulate matter (PM) by modifying the deposition pattern of inhaled particles in the humid human respiratory tract. Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA) instruments have been used in field campaigns in various environments globally over

Chemical and electromagnetic mechanisms of tip-enhanced Raman scattering

In this paper, we attempt to reveal the nature of the chemical and electromagnetic mechanisms of tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS). Direct visual evidence regarding the chemical mechanism via charge transfer was obtained with charge difference density. It is found that there are several kinds of charge transfer: (1) tip to molecule, (2) surface to molecule, (3) tip and surface to molecule simul

Carboxylation reactions involving carbon dioxide insertion into palladium-carbon sigma-bonds

The catalytic incorporation of CO2 into value-added chemicals to form e. g. carboxylic acids and carbonates is highly interesting due to the abundance, non-toxicity and low cost of carbon dioxide. Currently, palladium is one of the most exploited transition metals in homogeneous catalysis and its reactivity with carbon dioxide has therefore been studied to a significant extent. All work in the fie

Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow in a stirred tank driven by a Rushton turbine

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of mixing process in a baffled tank was presented. The impeller rotation was modeled using the sliding mesh technique In this study the CFD code was used for simulation of a standard vessel agitated by a 6-blade Rushton turbine and results were evaluated in terms of the predicted flow field, power number, mean velocity components, mixing time, turbulent kinetic energy a

Observing solute transport in the capillary fringe using image analysis and electrical resistivity tomography in laboratory experiments

Five laboratory experiments were conducted to study solute transport in the capillary fringe in a sand filled glass tank containing an artificial groundwater zone, an unsaturated zone, and a capillary fringe in between. Dye stained water, applied at the soil surface, moved downwards through the unsaturated zone and then horizontally in the capillary fringe. The horizontal velocity of the dye plume

System-size dependence of open-heavy-flavor production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

The PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured open-heavy-flavor production in Cu + Cu collisions at v root s(NN) = 200 GeV through the measurement of electrons at midrapidity that originate from semileptonic decays of charm and bottom hadrons. In peripheral Cu + Cu collisions an enhanced production of electrons is observed relative to p + p collisions scaled by the n