The time-dependent process of raindrop freezing is described in a general form, including thermodynamic effects from the accretion of cloud liquid and cloud ice. Freezing drops (FDs) larger than 80 m (and their water mass) are represented explicitly in a cloud model with spectral bin microphysics. FDs consist of interior water covered by ice initially. Possibilities of both dry (icy surface) and w

Understanding the possible pH-buffering processes is of maximum importance for risk assessment and remediation feasibility studies of heavy-metal contaminated soils. This paper presents the results about the effect of the buffering capacity of a polluted soil, rich in carbonates, on the pH and on the leaching evolution of its main contaminant (lead) when a weak acid (acetic acid) or a strong one (

BACKGROUND: A fracture in childhood is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD), but it is debated whether a fracture at growth also predicts low BMD in young adulthood. PURPOSE: To gender-specifically evaluate whether children with a fracture are at increased risk of low BMD in young adulthood. METHODS: Distal forearm BMD (g/cm(2) ) was measured with single photon absorptiometry (SPA) i

The opening of the Arctic Ocean involved multiple stages of continental rifting and intrusion of extensive dyke swarms. To trace tectonomagmatic processes of the High Arctic, we present the first U-Pb ages for alkaline dyke swarms of North Greenland. Concordia ages of 80.8 +/- 0.6 and 82.1 +/- 1.5 Ma indicate that north-south and east-west dykes are coeval. The north-south dykes reflect initial ea

Easily available, accurate glucose recordings are important when screening for and managing people with diabetes. The photometric HemoCue(®) (Ängelholm, Sweden) Glucose 201+ system, which delivers lab-comparable glucose recordings, has the drawback that its microcuvettes must be delivered and stored at 4-8°C. A newly developed system, HemoCue Glucose 201RT, has microcuvettes that can be stored at

The search for novel, atom-economic methods for the formation of C-C bonds is of crucial importance in synthetic chemistry. Especially attractive are reactions where C-C bonds are formed through C-H activation, but the coupling of unactivated, alkane-type C-sp3-H bonds remains an unsolved challenge. Here, we report iridium-mediated intramolecular coupling reactions involving up to four unactivated

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the mechanisms of platelet kinetics in the SMART study that demonstrated excess mortality with CD4 guided episodic antiretroviral therapy (ART) (drug conservation [DC]) compared to continuous treatment (viral suppression [VS]). Follow up analyses of stored plasma samples demonstrated increased activation of both inflammatory and coagulation pathways after stopping ART.

Lake sediments from the Magherus, Valley in the lowlands of northern Transylvania provide new evidence of paleoenvironmental development in Romania during the Late Glacial. The studied sediments were deposited as a result of the damming of a small river valley following a series of mass wasting events that occurred during the deglaciation period. A continuous sedimentary sequence belonging to the

The paper submits a criticism of the standard formulation of Wittgenstein’s rule-following paradox. According to the standard formulation, influenced by Kripke, the paradox invites us to consider what mental or behavioral items could constitute meaning. The author proposes instead an enactivist understanding of the paradox. On this account there is no essential gap between mental items and behavio

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether the decrease in IMT progression rate in the carotid bulb induced by metoprolol CR/XL treatment (25mg once daily) observed in the β-blocker Cholesterol-lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS) was accompanied by an effect on carotid plaque echogenicity. METHODS: Gray scale median (GSM) in carotid plaques, used as a score of echogenicity, was measured at baseline and

The evolution of electronic structure of the organic semiconductor iron-phthalocyanine with potassium doping has been studied by means of photoemission spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT study and detailed analysis of the core-level spectra permit us to suggest possible lattice sites for the potassium ions. The data dis

1. Fine roots and mycorrhiza often represent the largest input of carbon (C) into soils and are therefore of primary relevance to the soil C balance. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have previously been found to increase litter decomposition which may lead to reduced soil C stocks, but these studies have focused on immediate decomposition of relatively high amounts of high-quality litter and may

Recent global change has had a substantial influence on the distribution of organisms, and many species are currently expanding their ranges. To evaluate the underlying processes, long-term data with good geographic resolution are essential. One important but generally overlooked data source is offered by the taxon-specific national catalogues of first provincial records that are kept in many coun

Background: An epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown cause has emerged along the Pacific coast of Central America, particularly in relatively young male sugarcane workers. In El Salvador, we examined residence and occupations at different altitudes as surrogate risk factors for heat stress. Study Design: Cross-sectional population-based survey. Setting & Participants: Populations aged

To understand the Mesa- and Neoarchaean geological history of the Bjornesund region, southern West Greenland (ca. 62-63 degrees N), we have undertaken an integrated study combining field observations with U-Pb zircon geochronology by LA-ICP-MS, metamorphic petrology, and microstructural analyses. The Bjornesund region links the southern part of the Fiskenaesset anorthosite complex to the well-pres

Background: High-intensity smoking cessation programs generally lead to more continuous abstinence, however, lower rates of success have been reported among heavy smokers. The aim was to evaluate continuous abstinence among heavy smokers during the intensive 6-week Gold Standard Program (GSP) and to identify modifiable factors associated with continuous abstinence. Methods: In this nationwide clin