We have analysed the thermionic current over a potential barrier between a hot and a cold metallic wire, in the absence of an externally applied electric field. Because of the quantum nature of the transmission probability and the temperature behaviour of the Fermi distribution function, under proper conditions the thermionic electric current reverses its direction. However, the heat current remai

A hospital survey of adult reconstructive urologic surgery in the Nordic countries is presented. The response rate was 80% and included most general hospitals and university clinics. Despite similarities between the healthcare systems of the various countries several differences were found. Cystectomy was performed in a large number of institutions in all countries except Denmark. The annual numbe

Particle separation is one of the fundamental processes in wastewater treatment and a good understanding of the basic separation mechanisms ? sedimentation, flotation and filtration ? is critical in the design of wastewater treatment systems. Upgrading of treatment plants for enhanced primary treatment and effluent polishing are current examples of applications where effective, high-rate separatio

HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a complex between α-lactalbumin and oleic acid that induces apoptosis in tumor cells, but not in healthy cells. Heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the structure of 13C-oleic acid in HAMLET, and to study the 15N-labeled protein. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy shows that the two

Level schemes of Cd-99(48)51 and In-101(49)52 nuclei have been extended to high spin. The breakup of the doubly magic Sn-100 core has been observed. Large-scale shell model calculations based on realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions are in good agreement with the experimental data. These results provide a reliable basis to predict nuclear structure properties in Sn-100 and its neighbors. For exam

We investigate international monetary-policy transmission under different exchange-rate and capital-account regimes in eleven small, open economies during the 1980s and 1990s. We find no systematic link between ex-post monetary-policy autonomy and exchange-rate regimes. Capital controls appear to have provided a degree of temporal insulation from foreign monetary policy shocks, though not strict a

Background: Laquinimod is a novel immunomodulatory substance developed as an orally available disease modifying treatment in multiple sclerosis ( MS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate safety, tolerability, and efficacy on MRI lesions of two different doses of laquinimod compared with placebo in patients with relapsing MS. Methods: In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial, patie

A recent study of adenylate kinase reveals that conformational dynamics in control product release and determine the rate-limiting step in the overall catalytic reaction.

Combined convective and radiative heat transfer governs the heat load on the combustor wall. This paper reviews engineering simplified models and more advanced ones. The latter ones are based on CFD approaches and a variety of methods to solve the radiative transfer equation. The principles of heat transfer in the combustor including the cooling aspects are briefly described. Details of the advanc

The cutaneous parallel fiber (PF) receptive fields of cerebellar stellate and basket cells in the cerebellar C3 zone in vivo are normally very small but can be dramatically enlarged by climbing fiber (CF)-dependent plasticity. To analyze the effects of this receptive field plasticity, we present for the first time whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from these interneurons during natural and electri

In stanzic songs like hymns for congregational singing, the intimate relationship between the text and the tune that we find in through-composed art songs is rarely achieved. In the tradition of the Lutheran churches the music has mainly been the servant of the text. However, the work of the hymnal committee of the Church of Sweden, which compiled the hymnal of 1986, shows two major criteria for t

Is it possible and desirable to separate between science and pseudo science, between archaeology and pseudo archaeology? And should archaeologists igonore, understand or criticise pseudo archaeology? My experiences from the study of four traditions within the field of “sacred topographies” show, that it is rather difficult or even impossible to separate archaeology from pseudo archaeology. In the

Routine postmortem radiography was done in 234 consecutive perinatal autopsies. Using ossification centre appearance and length of femoral shafts as variable it was a very useful and dependable method for estimating gestational age and intrauterine growth. In this way important conclusions can be drawn as to the reason for intrauterine growth deviations. Also many, sometimes diagnostic, abnormalit