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The epidermis of aerial plant organs is thought to be limiting for growth, because it acts as a continuous load-bearing layer, resisting tension. Leaf epidermis contains jigsaw puzzle piece-shaped pavement cells whose shape has been proposed to be a result of subcellular variations in expansion rate that induce local buckling events. Paradoxically, such local compressive buckling should not occur
We ask what caused poverty to decline in Brazil over the last decade. Our contribution lies in the introduction of a structural change perspective to assess the evolution of poverty by considering the sectoral impact of growth and the social policies at the federal, state and municipal level. We confirm previous findings in the literature that the service sector rather than agriculture contributes
Apicobasal polarity is known to affect epithelial morphogenesis and cell differentiation, but it remains unknown how these processes are mechanistically orchestrated. We find that ligand-specific EGFR signalling via PI(3)K and Rac1 autonomously modulates apicobasal polarity to enforce the sequential control of morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Initially, EGF controls pancreatic tubulogenesis
The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the most harmful pathogen of potato. It causes the disease late blight, which generates increased yearly costs of up to one billion euro in the EU alone and is difficult to control. We have performed a large-scale quantitative proteomics study of six P. infestans life stages with the aim to identify proteins that change in abundance during development, with a
A direct correlation between the reaction activity and the surface structure of a catalyst is generally needed to better understand the mechanisms behind the heterogeneous catalysis process. In this work, we employed planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) to spatially resolve the CO2 distribution just above a Pd(100) surface, and simultaneously monitored the optical reflectance of the surface, d
The interaction of water vapor and sulfur dioxide (SO2) with single crystal cuprous oxide (Cu2O) surfaces of (100) and (111) termination was studied by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and density functional theory (DFT). Exposure to near-ambient pressures of water vapor, at 5 × 10-3 %RH and 293 K, hydroxylates both Cu2O surfaces with OH coverage up to 0.38 copper monolayers (ML) for (100) and 0.2
Hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (T2D) include elevated blood glucose and free fatty acids (FFAs) as a result of impaired β cell insulin secretion and decreased β cell mass. The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in β cells is triggered by depolarization-evoked Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels. The majority of CaV channels are believed to reside in cholesterol-rich membran
It has long been known that humans use the focus of expansion (FOE) in a radial optic flow pattern to perceive their instantaneous direction of self-motion (heading). Here we report that motion-streak-like form information is also used for heading perception. We presented observers with an integrated form and motion display in which the dot pairs of a radial Glass patterns were oriented toward one
Can financial institutions and markets enhance the discipline imposed by competitive product markets and thus improve resource allocation in the real economy? We address this question in the context of international trade, using disaggregated product-level data from 71 countries exporting to the USA. We show that exported products exit the US market sooner if they stand far away from the exporting
This study estimates the causal effect of receiving additional paid vacation days on health. Using register data on the universe of central government employees in Sweden, I exploit an age-based rule stipulated in the collective agreement covering these employees. Identification is achieved by combining a regression discontinuity with a difference-in-differences design to control for time-invarian
Olfaction presents a particularly interesting arena to explore abstraction in language. Like other abstract domains, such as time, odours can be difficult to conceptualize. An odour cannot be seen or held, it can be difficult to locate in space, and for most people odours are difficult to verbalize. On the other hand, odours give rise to primary sensory experiences. Every time we inhale we are usi
