Since the end of WW2 there have been very few attacks with chemical weapons. There have been attacks in the Iran- Iraq war and some terrorists’ attacks in Japan. From the beginning of 2010 there have been an exploding increase in attacks with chemical weapons. Why is that? In this study based on congruence analysis I want to see if we can understand the use of chemical weapons in resent events by

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether two theories can have explanatory power on two real cases – the invasions of the Falkland Islands in 1982 and Kuwait in 1990. There is a theory that can be used by a state to unite a population towards a common goal – diversionary action. This is the basis for this study. To fully understand why this method was used and what made the two stat

Rising global temperatures are creating a variety of changes in polar regions and pushing organisms to new extremes. Snow cover changes in the arctic are leading to exposed soils, allowing the soil to freeze at lower temperatures and experience freeze thaw cycles. In this study, I investigated the effect of freeze thaw cycles on arctic microorganisms, focusing on the main microbial groups bacteria

The Arctic is a changing place where the melting of the ice creates new opportunities and shipping lanes, such as Northern Sea Route and possibility for raw material extraction. However, this prospects can also be a road to conflict. Russia and China are very active in the area with both soft and hard power, where China has focused on values, research and cooperation and Russia puts efforts on its

The ambition of this study is to assess whether it is most tactically advantageous to have fewer larger surface combatant ships compared to more smaller ones within the framework of a coastal defense operation in Swedish waters. The study notes that since the torpedo was first fired in anger in battle more than 135 years ago, small warships have for long had the ability to sink larger warships. Th

This paper evaluates the Swedish Armed Forces OSINT concept as it is laid out in the Swedish Armed Forces Intelligence regulations. The evaluation is done by applying John Gerring’s theory of Good Concepts to the concept in question. OSINT has become increasingly important in intelligence, with some sources claiming it regularly constitutes 35-90% of the answer to any given intelligence requiremen

Anthropogenic activities such as hydropower exploitation have been one of the main drivers of anadromous fish biodiversity loss during the past century. This has led to genetic homogenization and to the reduction of positive mechanisms such as the “portfolio effect”. In this study we propose the first comprehensive analysis of the genetic differences in Salmo salar and Salmo trutta populations in

Integrerad analys av biologiska data från cancerceller och närliggande immunceller förbättrar möjligheten att utveckla nya behandlingar Teknikutveckling har nyligen möjliggjort att detaljerad data från enskilda celler i en tumör kan samlas in – detta kallas spatial/rumslig omik. Metoden gör det möjligt att kartlägga till exempel uttrycks nivåer av protein eller gener från specifika celler i en väThe rapid development of high-throughput technologies has made it possible to generate large-scale data such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and, more recently, spatial omics. A common approach is to analyse each data source individually (single-omics analysis). However, combining these sources of information (multi-omics integration) can create a complete picture of the biological mecha

Syftet med denna avhandling är att utveckla en ny metod för att producera bilder med syntetisk aperturradar (SAR), med utgångspunkt i scenarier med arbiträr rörelse vad gäller radarsensorn. SAR är en väletablerad metod för att skapa 2- eller 3-dimensionella radarbilder, som traditionellt sett antar att radar-sensorns rörelse är linjär och förutsägbar. Därmed är positionerna för varje radardata-punThe purpose of this thesis is to develop a novel approach to producing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, assuming the scenario of arbitrary motion in regards to the radar sensor. SAR is a well-researched method for creating 2- or 3-dimensional radar images, traditionally assuming the radar sensor's motion to be linear and highly predictable. Thus the locations where each radar data is sam

Plastic pollution is one of the most severe forms of pollution and the high abundance of microplastics (MP) in aquatic ecosystems is already confirmed. Due to their small size and buoyancy, they are highly bioavailable and have been shown to have a wide range of negative impacts. As a result of their high trophic status and long lifespan, aquatic mammals are susceptible to bioaccumulation and biom

The striatum is the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia. Striatal subregions, which play different roles in motor functions, receive inputs from different cortical regions. Regulation of synaptic plasticity at the level of corticostriatal synapses is believed to underlie habit formation and motor learning. Alteration of plasticity at the level of corticostriatal synapses has been associated wi

Ökning i sydliga lövsångares flyttningsbeteende Fåglars flyttning har länge fascinerat människan och kanske framförallt småfåglars flyttning. Hur kan t. ex. en lövsångare, Phylloscopus trochilus, på 10 gram som föddes för några månader sedan hitta hela vägen ner till övervintringsområdena i Afrika, dessutom helt utan hjälp av andra? Sedan länge är det känt att svaret verkar ligga i deras gener mDifferences in migratory behaviour has long been suggested to potentially drive speciation, but the genetics underlying this process remains a mystery. Studies of hybrid zones between two closely related taxa with contrasting migratory phenotypes, called migratory divides, have played a crucial role for our understanding of how such differences can lead to reproductive isolation. Movements of hybr

TCP-25 Combination Therapy: Boosting the Effects of a Host Defense Peptide Wound infection is defined as the existence of pathogenic bacteria that multiply inside the wound and cause tissue or host damage. The process of wound repair is carried out in multiple steps. These steps restore tissue integrity and function in the majority of cases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are essential for nor

The genome of the Belinda variety of the hexaploid oat (Avena sativa) has recently been sequenced and assembled. This project aims to improve the assembly by clustering the thousands of scaffolds into their three ancestral subgenomes using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of kmer and repeat-element frequencies. The method was developed using a chromosome level assembly of hexaploid Wheat (Tritiu

Kan Bogong fjärilar dofta sig till en säker plats? Att komma hem från en lång semester och lägger sig i sin egen säng, känna doften av ens egna kudde och lägenhet ger en känsla av säkerhet. Det är en doft av hemma, av trygghet som vi känner igen. Är det möjligt att få samma upplevelse med en doft man aldrig känt förut? Så kan det vara för Bogong fjärilen (Agrotis infusa). De är nattaktiva fjärilaThe Bogong moth Agrotis infusa is a long-distance nocturnal migrant whose navigational ability still remains only partly understood. They travel up to a thousand kilometres to the Australian Alps where they seek out the shelter of isolated cool alpine caves, thereby escaping the approaching summer heat of their breeding grounds. Once in the caves, they enter a state of dormancy over the coming sum

The First Submarine Flotilla is expanding. Four submarines are to become five and a new, larger signal intelligence ship is to replace the current one. At the same time many employees are on the verge of retiring and new ones in need of training arrives. It is therefore of utmost importance that the existing staff want to remain in their workplace. The purpose of this study was, through a survey b

Civil conscription was a way to supply personnel for the civilian part of Swedish total defence. In 2010, the Swedish government chose to replace civil conscription with voluntary service. However in 2023, 13 years after the decision, it seems as reactivation is underway as the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) has been tasked to prepare for the activation of civil conscription for municipa

There is only one answer to why we did not have a referendum on applying for NATO membership. The changed security situation in Europe and the clearly changed threat against Sweden that has arisen from Russia's invasion of Ukraine have changed political views on Sweden's security. Sweden, which has been publicly neutral and non-aligned, is now choosing a clear side and requesting entry int

In recent years, both the price and the security of supply of plannable energy have changed drastically with increasing uncertainty regarding pricing and availability. The political will to ensure access to plannable and safe energy supply nationally has increased significantly during the same period. The study examines the question of whether the lack of cheap planable energy with the threat of e

According to the Swedish defense decision in 2020, the government decided to increase the military organization regarding the number of soldiers that can be put on active duty in case of war, from 60 000 to 90 000 men. The Swedish government came to a decision together with the help of two reports that the Swedish Defense Commission had written. In the decision, they wanted to reestablish a milita