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Eight frequently used slope algorithms based on a DEM (Digital Elevation Model) have been compared in flat, gently sloping/undulating, and steep terrain in order to investigate differences in estimated results. The matter of scale/resolution has not been considered, and the focus has not been on comparing the estimates with "ground truth" data but on comparisons between the different algorithms. P

The use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) within the society as well as in academic work has increased rapidly over the last decades. This also means that Geomatics has started to create problems in both academic and non-academic worlds. Firstly because it bridges borders that have been in place for a long time and secondly because Geomatics, or rather the basic concepts of Geomatics, is i

In this chapter, an alternative surface flow algorithm is presented. The basic idea behind the algorithm is the use of the advantages of TIN-based algorithms within a raster based environment. A gridded raster DEM is used to create a ‘regular TIN’, over which surface flow is estimated. Since each facet in the TIN has a constant slope and slope direction, the estimations of, for example, flow veloc

Sixteen landcover classes in a representative Swedish environment were analyzed and classified using one Landsat TM scene and seven ERS-1 SAR.PRI images acquired during 1993. Spectral and backscattering signature separabilities are analyzed using the Jeffries-Matusita distance measure to determine which combinations of channels/images contained the most information. Maximum likelihood, sequential

A number of field techniques were assessed on their reliability for estimating vegetation cover in Australian rangelands. The field sampling was undertaken using visual estimation, line intercepts, a crown cover model, and images acquired from a digital camera. The results from these methods were compared and analysed. The data obtained from these differing methods agree with each other in relativ

This paper presents a new type of geographical information system (GIS) for scientific planning of coastal waters. One hypothesis in the work is that the morphometry of the coast plays a significant role for how the water system functions as a receiving water system, for example, as a receiver of industrial and urban pollution and in response to various forms of aquaculture. A digital technique fo

This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of location (x, y and z) using a Magellan GPS NAV 1000 receiver. The position of a known reference point was compared with 50 fix points measured in two-dimensional (2D) mode (x, y) and with 50 fix points measured in three-dimensional (3D) mode (x, y and z). The mean errors and the root mean square errors (RMSE) in the Euclidian distances between the refere

Backgroundamong the 1–1.5 billion persons with hypertension globally only, 20–30% have controlled blood pressure (BP). The most important problem identified is non-adherence to treatment, i.e., failure to change lifestyle and to take prescribed medication. Knowledge about the reasons for this is limited.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to explore people's experiences of having hypertension.Desig

Extractive industries often promise prosperity to less economically developed regions of the world. However, projects that rely on extractive industries such as mining often pose significant environmental threats to the host regions. The tension between economic promises and environmental impacts can spark significant conflict in rural communities. This study analyzes a proposed mining project in

Objective: The phase IIIb OPINION trial (NCT03402841) investigated olaparib maintenance monotherapy in patients without a deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation (gBRCAm) who had platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer (PSROC) and had received ≥2 previous lines of platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods: In this single-arm, open-label, international study, patients who h

Under the Paris Agreement, parties should undertake a global stocktake of progress toward meeting the goals of the agreement and tackling climate change. The first global stocktake will be undertaken in 2023, and an assessment of loss and damage from climate change is an important part of the process. Loss and damage refer to the impacts of climate change felt when mitigation and adaptation effort

Attempts for higher output power and thermal efficiency of gas turbines make the inlet temperature of turbine to be far beyond the material melting temperature. Therefore, to protect the airfoil in gas turbine from hot gas and eventually prolong the lifetime of the blade, internal and film cooling structures with better thermal performance and cooling effectiveness are urgently needed. However, th

This article examines how the automation of jobs has shaped spatial patterns of intergenerational income mobility in the United States over the past three decades. Using data on the spread of industrial robots across 722 local labor markets, we find significantly lower rates of upward mobility in areas more exposed to automation. The erosion of mobility chances is rooted in childhood environments

Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the potentially increased risk of dislocation in patients with neurological disease who sustain a femoral neck fracture, as it is unclear whether they should undergo total hip arthroplasty (THA) or hemiarthroplasty (HA). A secondary aim was to investgate whether dual-mobility components confer a reduced risk of dislocation in these patients. Methods We

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is a common joint disease, globally. Guidelines recommend information, exercise and, if needed, weight reduction as core treatment. There is a gap between evidence-based recommended care for osteoarthritis and clinical practice. To increase compliance to guidelines, implementation was conducted. The aim of the study was to explore physiotherapists' experiences of osteoar

We develop a two-country, two-sector overlapping generations model to examine the effect of population aging on the real exchange rate (RER). While an older population raises the relative demand for nontradables (a feature of structural transformation) putting upward pressure on relative prices thus appreciating the RER, it also implies a lower real interest rate (distinctive of secular stagnation

We investigate a particular subclass of semantic features associated with demonstratives of quantity and quality, and the respective interrogatives. We explore these lexical elements as they behave linguistically in simile constructions in Croatian. We show that the semantic features that can be focused on in similes are the same as the references of the full system of Croatian demonstratives. How

This paper explores the distributional implications of a fiscal devaluation acquired through a shift from labor to consumption taxes in an open-economy Heterogeneous Agents New Keynesian model with incomplete markets and uninsurable income risk. A permanent fiscal devaluation perfectly mimicking a nominal devaluation in aggregate implies an increase in transfers balanced by lower profits. This lea