Mängdlära är den gren av den matematiska logiken där man studerar så kallade \textit{mängder}. I axiomatisk mängdlära undviker man att definiera begreppet \textit{mängd}, men det är meningen att mängder ska bete sig som samlingar av objekt av något slag. Som alltid i matematiken börjar man med att skriva ned en lista med axiom, från vilka man sedan försöker härleda en så rik teori som möjligt. DetWe investigate the strength of the Ultrafilter Lemma in comparison to the Axiom of Choice. In particular, we prove that a number of classical mathematical theorems are equivalent to the Ultrafilter Lemma over $\sf ZF$, and we study a few results which are typically only obtained in $\sf ZFC$ (as opposed to $\sf ZF$) but which can also be proven from the conjunction of $\sf ZF$ with the Ultrafilter

In this thesis, we construct the Baer sum of extensions in the sense of Yoneda and prove that it endows the Ext-classes with an Abelian group structure. Extensions are defined by means of equivalence classes of short exact sequences in Abelian categories. Now, in order to do that, we carefully lay a solid foundation for the theory of Abelian categories by starting with elementary concepts from cat

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication after major surgical procedures. We examined the incidence, risk factors, and mortality of patients who sustained AKI after abdominal surgery in a large population-based cohort.METHODS: All patients who underwent open and laparoscopic abdominal surgery (excluding genitourinary and abdominal vascular procedures), between 2007 and 2014

Background Limited data exist on long-term survival of patients requiring admission to intensive care units (ICUs). The aim of this study was to investigate long-term survival of ICU patients in Iceland and assess changes over a 15-year period. Methods Data were collected on age, gender, admission cause, length of stay, comorbidities, mechanical ventilation and survival of patients 18 years and ol

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine different definitions of renal recovery following postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) and how these definitions associate with survival and the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).METHODS: This was a retrospective study of all patients who underwent abdominal, cardiothoracic, vascular, or orthopedic surgery at a single un

An experimental linear mixture modelling using ground spectroradiometric measurements in the Kola Peninsula, Russia has been carried out to create a basis for mapping vegetation and non-vegetation components in the tundra-taiga ecotone using satellite imagery. We concentrated on the ground level experiment with the goal to use it further for the classification of multispectral satellite imagery th

Climate change is expected to increase woody vegetation abundance in the Arctic, yet the magnitude, spatial pattern and pathways of change remain uncertain. We compared historical orthophotos photos (1952 and 1979) with high-resolution satellite imagery (2015) to examine six decades of change in abundance of white spruce Picea glauca and tall shrubs (Salix spp., Alnus spp.) near the Agashashok Riv

The genetics of β-cell function (BCF) offer valuable insights into the aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D)1,2. Previous studies have expanded the catalogue of BCF genetic associations through candidate gene studies3–7, large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of fasting BCF8,9 or functional islet studies on T2D risk variants10–14. Nonetheless, GWAS focused on BCF traits derived from oral

Wheat straw (WS) constitutes a considerable biomass resource and can be used to produce the energy carrier methane through anaerobic digestion. Due to the low contents of several nutrient elements and water in harvested WS, the use of sewage sludge (SS), consisting of primary sludge and waste-activated sludge, as a nutrient source in co-digestion with steam-pretreated wheat straw (PWS) was investi

It has been widely reported that isoprene emissions from the Arctic ecosystem have a strong temperature response. Here we identify sedges (Carex spp. and Eriophorum spp.) as key contributors to this high sensitivity using plant chamber experiments. We observe that sedges exhibit a markedly stronger temperature response compared to that of other isoprene emitters and predictions by the widely accep

Background: Unexpected prolongation of first-line coagulation tests, including activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), should trigger further work-up by performing mixing tests to elucidate the underlying cause, direct further specific testing and clarify their possible clinical impact. The aim of our study was to assess whether methodological diversity has any impact on the APTT mixing test

This article examines how the potato is used as a crisis strategy and future practiceby a group of actors from a youth education center in Skåne, with connections to alternativeagricultural movements, hereunder among others the permaculture movementand the grassroots movement Potatisuppropet. The article is a derivative effectof the dissertation project, Living Alternative Futures: Mobilising thro

In healthy individuals, a delicate balance between pro- and anticoagulant systems ensures efficient hemostasis and an open vascular system. As sites of vascular damage, a series of procoagulant reactions take place, which are carefully controlled by several anticoagulant proteins. Circumstantial and genetic risk factors increase the risk of venous thrombosis. Circumstantial risk factors are usuall

BACKGROUND: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) are asymptomatic precursor conditions to multiple myeloma and related disorders. Smoldering multiple myeloma is distinguished from MGUS by 10% or greater bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) on sampling, has a higher risk for progression, and requires specialist management.OBJECTIVE: To develop a