After a brief discussion on the varying nomenclature applied to the field, this article discusses the two basic orientations: academic and applied. From there, the discussion takes up the sprawling character of the field, underscoring that the field can be conceptually organized in a variety of ways. The main part of the discussion consists of a presentation of four major schools of thought. These

For managers, meetings may be an arena “where the action is”: situations to display competence and moral character. However, others may feel less involved, and meetings may be experienced as nonsense, as meaningless and worthless. A recurring theme in various studies is complaints about meetings, particularly regarding their frequency, their emptiness, and the forced attendance, taking time from wFor managers, meetings may be an arena “where the action is”: situations to display competence and moral character. However, others may feel less involved, and meetings may be experienced as nonsense, as meaningless and worthless. A recurring theme in various studies is complaints about meetings, particularly regarding their frequency, their emptiness, and the forced attendance, taking time from w

After an initial clarification of the notion of the risk, a brief discussion of the distinction between testing and screening, and of the difficulties of defining genetic information in a precise way follows an overview of public concerns raised by genetic testing and screening. Next section reviews various types of ethical issues in this context. The challenges are not the same for all types and

Genome-wide association analysis advanced understanding of blood pressure (BP), a major risk factor for vascular conditions such as coronary heart disease and stroke. Accounting for smoking behavior may help identify BP loci and extend our knowledge of its genetic architecture. We performed genome-wide association meta-analyses of systolic and diastolic BP incorporating gene-smoking interactions i

Fashion is a social phenomenon par excellence. A simple sociological definition of fashion is 'being first with the latest.' Its underlying principle is revealed in the link between the modus derivatives and the term 'modern,' with its original meaning of 'now' or 'for today.' Fashion revolves around imitation and diffusion, and it applies to all domains of social life, though most of the research

Background: The purpose of this study is to validate a new five-tiered prognostic classification system to better discriminate cancer-specific mortality in men diagnosed with primary non-metastatic prostate cancer. Methods: We applied a recently described five-strata model, the Cambridge Prognostic Groups (CPGs 1-5), in two international cohorts and tested prognostic performance against the curren

The study of everyday life is an interdisciplinary field that stands for a special interest in the commonplace and the seemingly trivial routines and activities of daily life as well as a focus on ordinary people as creative actors rather than passive consumers or objects of domination. Like few other similar concepts, the study of everyday life has been used not only as a research perspective or

Background: It is not known whether stromal cells in benign breast tissue can mediate risk of breast cancer. We recently described aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 A1 (ALDH1) positive (+) cells in morphologically normal breast stroma of premenopausal women, and the data indicated that their distribution is associated with clinical risk factors for breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to define

During the last decade, the serotonergic system has emerged as a key player in the appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Clinical investigations, based on imaging and postmortem analyses, suggest that the serotonin neurons are also involved in the etiology of this complication of long-term L-DOPA treatment in parkinsonian patients. These findings have sti

Deuterated proteins and other bio-derived molecules are important for NMR spectroscopy, neutron reflectometry, small angle neutron scattering, and neutron protein crystallography. In the current study we optimized expression media and cell culture conditions to produce high levels of 3 different deuterated human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs). The labeled hCAs were then characterized and tested for de

Minimalinvasiv mitralisklaffkirurgi är en komplex procedur. Därför krävs koncentrering till ett fåtal kirurger.Fördelarna med tekniken är minskad blodförbrukning, kortare vårdtid och snabbare återhämtning för patienten.Samarbeten med etablerade centrum bör övervägas vid nyetablering för att förkorta inlärningskurvan och inte riskera patientsäkerheten.Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery - a technique for everyone? Less invasive procedures are being developed within all surgical specialties. In cardiac surgery, minimally invasive surgery is mainly suitable for mitral valve disease. It is a technically more complex procedure compared to standard cardiac surgery. All complex procedures have a learning curve and the surgeon must be exposed to a

Background: Approximately 15–20% of ulcerative colitis patients and 20–40% of those with Crohn’s disease experience extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) of their inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinicians who treat IBD must manage EIMs affecting multiple organs that variably correlate with intestinal disease activity. Vedolizumab is a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of IBD with a gut-sele

Background: Secondary hyperparathyroidism and altered levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) are associated with vascular events in chronic kidney disease. After renal transplantation, this association is not clear. Pre-transplant parathyroidectomy (PTX) is common, but post-transplant data are scarce. We aimed to study the effect of PTH at the time of transplantation on risk of post-transplant vascul

Chloride ions play an important role in controlling excitability of principal neurons in the central nervous system. When neurotransmitter GABA is released from inhibitory interneurons, activated GABA type A (GABAA) receptors on principal neurons become permeable to chloride. Typically, chloride flows through activated GABAA receptors into the neurons causing hyperpolarization or shunting inhibiti

Multi-component transient signals show up in many different areas, most commonly in communication and radar but are also often found in measurements of human related signals, such as electrical responses of the heart and the brain. Transient signals are also typical in animal acoustic applications, e.g., dolphin echo locations and bird song syllables. The usual basis functions in linear modeling oMulti-component transient signals show up in many different areas, most commonly in communication and radar but are also often found in measurements of human related signals, such as electrical responses of the heart and the brain. Transient signals are also typical in animal acoustic applications, e.g., dolphin echo locations and bird song syllables. The usual basis functions in linear modeling o

Providing health and social care to older persons is challenging, since older persons often have multiple diseases and a complex health situation. Hence many professions and organisations are involved. Lack of interprofessional and interorganisational collaboration leads to fragmented care. Care planning meetings before hospital discharge have long been used to overcome this fragmentation, but mee

Periodogram averaging with multiple windows can be used in spectrum analysis of nonstationary data. Usually, however, the windows for the subspectra are equally weighted in the estimate. In this correspondence, a criterion for the optimization of weighting factors is formulated as the average of normalized bias, variance, or mean square error in a certain frequency interval around a predefined pea