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How to use the cone calorimeter for prediction of fires and fire test results and for use as product development and quality control tool - New developments

The Cone Calorimeter test method has been for years one of the most used small-scale fire test methods. It is certainly one of the methods which is most widely spread over the world at this moment. In contrast to many other fire test methods, the Cone Calorimeter provides a range of data with sound scientific basis, which allows a wide range of applications. In this article five different areas of

Combustion behaviour of fabric and polyurethane (PU) flexible foam mock-up combinations under cone calorimetry test conditions

Three types of high-resilience PU foam representing a wide range of combustion performance are tested in conjunction with three fabrics: polyester, polypropylene and flame-retardant cotton. It is shown that covering of the foam with fabric usually results in a delay of ignition and peak rate of heat release. Mock-up performance is mainly influenced by the fabric, but is also influenced by the qual

Combustion behaviour of polyurethane flexible foams under Cone Calorimetry test conditions

The first part of this study focuses on the effect of cone calorimeter test variables on polyurethane flexible foam properties such as ignitability, heat release rate, effective heat of combustion and mass loss. Three of the main commercial foam types were used, i.e. conventional slabstock foams, high‐resilience slabstock foams and all‐MDI (methylene diphenyldiisocyanate) moulded foams. A decrease

Combustion behaviour of fabric and polyurethane flexible foam mock‐up combinations under Cone Calorimetry test conditions

The relative contributions of fabric and foam on important fire hazard parameters as measured in the cone calorimeter were determined for various mock‐up combinations. Three commercial types of high‐resilience PU flexible slabstock foams, representing a wide range of combustion performance, were combined with three different fabrics: polyester, polypropylene and combustion‐modified cotton. Total h

Calorimetric combustion assessment of polyurethane flexible foam and fabric composites

This paper summarizes the second part of a study over a two year period carried out at the Laboratory for Fuel Technology and Heat Transfer of the University of Gent in cooperation with Dow Benelux N.V.. The first part of the study, focusing on the effects of cone calorimeter test variables as well as polyurethane (PU) flexible foam variables on the foam combustion characteristics, has been publis

Combustion behaviour of fabric and polyurethane flexible foam mock-up combinations under cone calorimetry test conditions

The relative contributions of fabric and foam on important fire hazard parameters as measured in the cone calorimeter were determined for various mock-up combinations. Three commercial types of high resilience PU flexible slabstock foams, representing a wide range of combustion performance, were combined with three different fabrics; viz. polyester, polypropylene and combustion modified cotton. To

Combustion behaviour of polyurethane flexible foams under cone calorimetry test conditions

The first part of this study focused on the effect of cone calorimeter test variables on polyurethane flexible foam properties such as ignitability, heat release rate, effective heat of combustion and mass loss. Three of the main commercial foam types were used; viz. conventional slabstock foams, high resilience slabstock foams and all-MDI moulded foams. A decrease in heat flux (down to 40%) with

To the question of eyes in primitive crustaceans

Based on a review of studies of functional and comparative anatomy of crustacean eyes, a hypothesis is formed on eyes in primitive crustaceans. It is suggested that they were similar to present-day frontal eyes of the malacostracan type. Neuronal architecture suggests that the development to apposition compound eye followed two main routes, one seen in malacostracansand the other in non-malacostra

The digestive system of the cephalocarid Hutchinsoniella macracantha (Crustacea)

The digestive tract of the cephalocarid Hutchinsoniella macracantha begins with an atrium oris, posterior to the mouth. The esophagus loops up through the head and ends with a valve to the midgut. The epithelial cells and cuticle of both these structures are connected with long, winding, apically distended microvilli. The midgut is a straight tube with a pair of diverticula anteriorly. Midgut epit

The aesthetasc concept: structural variations of putative olfactory cell complexes in Crustacea

The structure of the aesthetascs has been investigated in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (larvae and juveniles), the opossum shrimp Neomysis integer, the euphausid Meganyctiphanes, and in the water-fleas Daphnia magna and D. longispina. The aesthetascs, that are thought to represent olfactory receptors, exhibit a considerable structural variation, ranging from the well known aesthetascs of hi

The excretory system of Hutchinsoniella macracantha (Crustacea, Cephalocarida)

The primary excretory organ of adult Hutchinsoniella macracantha is the maxillary gland, which is located laterally in the posterior portion of the cephalon. It consists of an end sac and a tubule which is divided into proximal and distal sections. The end sac is composed of podocytes filled with endocytotic vesicles which grade in size upward to a large residual body. A large valve controls the o

Sensory morphology in the antennae of the cephalocarid Hutchinsoniella macracantha (Crustacea)

The first antenna of Hutchinsoniella macracantha is a 6-segmented, uniramous appendage carrying 1 aesthetasc and 22 setae (or sensilla). The second antenna is biramous and has approximately 80 setae. The sensory cells of the first antenna are arranged in 3 clusters in the first and second segments; one cluster serving the aesthetasc (approximately 130 cells), one the 11 setae of the sixth segment

Noise-robust fixation detection in eye movement data : Identification by two-means clustering (I2MC)

Eye-tracking research in infants and older children has gained a lot of momentum over the last decades. Although eye-tracking research in these participant groups has become easier with the advance of the remote eye-tracker, this often comes at the cost of poorer data quality than in research with well-trained adults (Hessels, Andersson, Hooge, Nyström, & Kemner Infancy, 20, 601-633, 2015; Was

Peter Weiss and The Independent Film Group

Peter Weiss och Arbetsgruppen för Film beskrivs som en immigrantfilmsrelaterad kontext. Huvaddelen av presentationen upptar Peter Weiss' film "Studie 1" (1952) som analyseras som uttryck för minor cinema.

Early treatment with pancreatic-like microbial-derived enzymes during the preweaning period promotes growth in growing–finishing pigs

Treatment with pancreatic or pancreatic-like microbial enzymes during the suckling period has positive effects on the gut, resulting in a better fat absorption and improved barrier function in pigs. The present study investigated the effects of pancreaticlike enzyme treatment during the pre- or postweaning period on pig growth and nitrogen utilization. Suckling 7- to 14-d-old pigs were gavage fed

Different ultimate factors define timing of breeding in two related species

Correct reproductive timing is crucial for fitness. Breeding phenology even in similar species can differ due to different selective pressures on the timing of reproduction. These selection pressures define species' responses to warming springs. The temporal match-mismatch hypothesis suggests that timing of breeding in animals is selected to match with food availability (synchrony). Alternatively,