We examine the impact of innovation disclosure through patenting on firms' cost of debt, focusing on the American Inventors Protection Act (AIPA) as an exogenous shock in innovation disclosure regulation. Post-AIPA, firms have an incentive to apply for patents only if commercial success is likely. Accordingly, we expect post-AIPA patents to be a better proxy for successful innovation activity, and

Det verkar rimligt att anta att du endast är moraliskt ansvarig för något om du har åstadkommit detta genom dina handlingar. Utan en handling, inget moraliskt ansvar. Om vi antar att samma sak gäller kollektivt ansvar, så måste vi dra slutsatsen att vi som bidrar till problem som den globala uppvärmningen, utfiskningen, etc. inte är kollektivt ansvariga för dessa problem. Vi som exempelvis bidrar

Let V be an n-set, and let X be a random variable taking values in the power-set of V . Suppose we are given a sequence of random coupons X1 , X2 , ..., where the Xi are independent random variables with distribution given by X. The covering time T is the smallest integer t ≥ 0 such that the union of the first t Xi's equal V . The distribution of T is important in many applications in combinatoria

Ultrasound examination is considered to be the first line imaging method to diagnose an ovarian mass with a high degree of accuracy, discriminating between benign and malignant ovarian masses in the hands of experienced examiners. The International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) group provided a standardized terminology of ovarian masses1 and suggested simple ultrasound rules that can be used to cl

Cesarean sections have been associated in the literature with poorer newborn health, particularly with a higher incidence of respiratory morbidity. Most studies suffer, however, from potential omitted variable bias, as they are based on simple comparisons of mothers who give birth vaginally and those who give birth by cesarean section. We try to overcome this limitation and provide credible causal

This study was aimed at exploring which latent profiles emerge based on ratings of self-determined motivation to defend victims of bullying, and to explore if they are related to bystander roles and victimization in bullying, as well as student–teacher relations. Data were collected from 1,800 Swedish and Italian students, with an age range between 10 and 18 years (M = 12.6, standard deviation = 1

In the modelling of fibre-reinforced composites, it is well established to consider the fibre direction in the stored energy in order to account for the transverse isotropy of the overall material, induced by a single family of fibres. However, this approach does not include any length scale and therefore lacks in the prediction of size effects that may occur from the fibre diameter or spacing. By

Overview of what is happening in the field of Dutch tax and charities at the moment.

Smallholder farming, which is largely rainfed and relies on mostly rudimentary tools, predominates Ghana’s agricultural sector. The sector’s importance to the national economy is exemplified in not only the proportion of the active national labour force engaged in it but also in terms of its export earnings and service as a source of food for the vast majority of the population. However, the secto

Background: The modern style of goalkeeping in ice hockey is thought to predispose athletes to hip and groin problems. However, little is known about the magnitude of these problems in elite goalkeepers.Purpose: To describe the incidence, prevalence, and severity of hip and groin problems in elite ice hockey goalkeepers over the course of a single season.Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology stud

PURPOSE: Psychological readiness may play an important role in the return to sport (RTS) process following hip arthroscopy (HA), but there are limited tools for the measurement of this construct. The aim of this study was to modify the Swedish version of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale for use in HA patients and evaluate its psychometric properties.METHO

A benign thermal stress in solid oxide fuel cell is of great importance for its stability and the interfaces between different components suffer from unexpected risks of instability such as electrode delamination and crack due to varying thermal expansion coefficients. Besides, chromium poisoning cathode materials leads to phase changes, which possibly induces thermal stresses at the interface of