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The formation and development of orographic clouds was studied in a field experiment comprising several measurement sites at a mountain ridge. The influence of the aerosol population present on the cloud microstructure was studied in relation to the dynamics in the cloud formation. Droplet nucleation scavenging was investigated by the introduction of a non-dimensional particle diameter related to
The hygroscopic properties of sub-micrometer aerosol particles were studied in connection with a ground-based cloud experiment at Great Dun Fell, in northern England in 1995. Hygroscopic diameter growth factors were measured with a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (TDMA) for dry particle diameters between 35 and 265 nm at one of the sites upwind of the orographic cloud. An external mixture co
A semiclassical model is presented for the way the energy of a fast quark is transformed into observable hadrons. It reproduces the features of 1+1 dimensional QED (the Schwinger model) concerning a flat rapidity distribution in the central region. It also reproduces results from phenomenological considerations, which, based upon scaling, predict that meson formation in the fragmentation region ca
During March and April of 1995 a major international field project was conducted at the UMIST field station site on Great Dun Fell in Cumbria, Northern England. The hill cap cloud which frequently envelopes this site was used as a natural flow through reactor to examine the sensitivity of the cloud microphysics to the aerosol entering the cloud and also to investigate the effects of the cloud in c
[Purpose] To investigate the association between proprioception and a knee medial to foot position during weight-bearing activities in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. [Participants and Methods] Thirty-eight patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and 13 patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency aged 18–40
Analytical properties of the chemical speciation method, Ion beam thermography (IBT), have been investigated. IBT combines the multi-elemental ion beam techniques PIXE, PESA, pNRA and cPESA with thermography. During thermography the sample temperature is gradually increased, causing vaporisation of chemical compounds at specific temperatures and the sample at the same time undergoes analysis by th
In this study, a sampling and analysis tool for aerosol particles has been developed. Its purpose is to characterize upper tropospheric aerosols, where concentrations are low. Since measurements will be made from an airplane, a time resolution of one hour is desirable. These conditions require efficient sampling and analysis with low detection limits. To accomplish this, our sampler uses impaction
A semiclassical model is presented for the way the energy of a fast quark is transformed into observable hadrons. It reproduces the features of 1 + 1 dimensional QED (the Schwinger model) concerning a flat rapidity distribution in the central region. In particular the model predicts that the probability to find a meson containing a leading quark is independent of the Feynman scaling variable. Also
In this paper results are presented of ground-based fog microphysical measurements obtained during the CHEMDROP experiment in the Po Valley (Northern Italy) in November 1994. Altogether about 85 hours of drop microphysical data are analyzed. At the beginning of the experiment a comparison of some of the different microphysical instruments, operated during the experiment, was performed. It has reve
Ion beam thermography (IBT) is a technique for the determination of chemical compounds. The IBT setup combines the multielemental ion beam techniques PIXE, PESA, pNRA and cPESA with thermography. During thermography the temperature is gradually increased up to the order of 600 °C, causing vaporisation of chemical compounds at specific temperatures. The combination of methods display low detection
PIXE is nowadays a routine analytical technique in the study of atmospheric aerosols. If it aspires to continue to be so in the future, it will have to compete with a range of other powerful analytical techniques, and outperform them in some respect. It will be shown how PIXE can indeed play an important role in future studies of atmospheric aerosols. For clarification, two concrete examples will
A sensitive and fast method for hydrogen analysis has been developed. The method is based on a technique where a proton beam of a few MeV impinges on the target and the elastically scattered proton and the recoiling target hydrogen nucleus are detected in coincidence. The method makes use of the difference in time of flight and requires no energy determination. The system consists of two thin, lar
A method for the fractionation of aerosol particles with respect to size and ability to grow with an increased relative humidity has been developed. The system consists of cascade impactors, diffusion driers, a humidifier and a temperature stabiliser. Diffusion driers were designed and the vapour penetration was modelled below 20%. A humidifier which can be operated with an output relative humidit
Much of the debates surrounding public space is currently centred on privatisation and how it has contributed to the erosion of publicness in public space. However, public ownership and management of public space does not necessarily guarantee its accessibility, inclusivity and publicness – highly curated and regulated public space that are publicly funded and operated can be just as restrictive a
This paper is the first part of a program to deal with the relative importance of the different effects in a colour dipole field when the field energy is transformed into hadrons according to a statistical scheme with the sole constraints coming from energy and momentum conservation and the requirements of scaling. In this paper we treat the meson distributions from quark fragmentation with partic
BACKGROUND: Advanced glycation end product is an established risk marker in diabetic vascular disease, but its possible associations with atherosclerosis in a general population are yet to be investigated. We studied the degree of carotid atherosclerosis and its association with skin autofluorescence in an elderly population.METHODS: Carotid ultrasound and skin autofluorescence measurements were p
The production of continuously distributed X-rays by the impact of protons of 1.9-3.0 MeV for X-ray energies between 4 and 6.5 keV, and 1.9-2.65 MeV for X-ray energies between 1.7 and 4 keV has been investigated. Five different target types have been irradiated: polyethylene, polystyrene, carbon. KaptonTM and MylarTM. The results are presented as absolute cross sections for continuous X-ray produc
The electrical charge limit of crystallizing sodium chloride droplets has been studied. Moderately charged sodium chloride solution droplets were dried to highly charged residual particles. The charge limit was found to be near the Rayleigh charge limit for saturated sodium chloride droplets of the same size as the residual particle. The charge loss was not found to affect the particle size to a d
The non-Gaussian response function of a Si(Li) detector has been measured for characteristic Kα X-rays in the energy interval 1.5-8.6 keV using an absorber technique. The method is based on the different response to an attenuating absorber placed in front of the detector for the detector tail as compared to fully absorbed photons in the same position in the spectrum. The shape of the tail of a Kα
