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Fundamental bounds on MIMO antennas

Antenna current optimization is often used to analyze the optimal perfor-mance of antennas. Antenna performance can be quantied in e.g., minimumQ-factor and maximal gain over Q-factor ratio. The performance of MIMOantennas is more involved and a single parameter is, in general, not sucientto quantify it. Here, the capacity of an idealized channel is used as the mainperformance quantity. An optimiz

A note on EFSA’s ongoing efforts to increase transparency of uncertainty in scientific opinions

This is a comment on Lofstedt and Bouder?s paper, which explores the prospects of evidence based uncertainty analysis in Europe, focusing on the ongoing development on uncertainty analysis at the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). We very much welcome a discussion on the need to develop better treatment and communication of uncertainty in risk analysis, as we believe that such discussion is loThis is a comment on Lofstedt and Bouder’s paper, which explores the prospects of evidence based uncertainty analysis in Europe, focusing on the ongoing development on uncertainty analysis at the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). We very much welcome a discussion on the need to develop better treatment and communication of uncertainty in risk analysis, as we believe that such discussion is lo

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In the normal case, a reflexive pronoun is bound within its containing clause. More exceptionally, a reflexive is instead related to a binder in a higher clause – a phenomenon known as long distance binding. Long distance binding can be found in Norwegian, but as I will show here, with considerable variation between speakers. Quite a few speakers accept long distance binding only across indefinite

Effect of mergers and acquisitions on drug discovery : perspective from a case study of a Japanese pharmaceutical company

The pharmaceutical industry has experienced intermittent waves of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) since the 1980s and recently appeared to be in yet another wave. Previous studies indicated rather negative impacts of consolidation on research and development, suggesting that they do not necessarily lead to long-term reinforcement of research capabilities, although they may enrich the drug pipe

Contribution of structural biology to clinically validated target proteins

We identified six groups of diseases expected to cause serious future health issues on the basis of a WHO report. Approved drugs for these diseases were associated with 409 target proteins; however, the percentage of selected proteins with full-length structural information deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) was only 9.8%. The reason for the low percentage may be as a result of a disproporti

Sharing research tools in academia : the case of Japan

This study examines the sharing of research tools among academic scientists in the life sciences and materials sciences in Japan. First, this study investigates material transfer, or the sharing of research tools, based on individual-level negotiation. Statistical analyses suggest that supplier-side scientists decide whether or not to fulfill requests for material transfer on the basis of: expecte

Distribution of academic research funds : a case of Japanese national research grant

Drawing on a database of the competitive research funds in the Japanese academia, this study examines the distribution of research grants at the university and individual levels. The data indicates high inequality at the university level and slightly lower inequality at the individual level. Over the last three decades, the total grant budget has greatly increased and an increasing number of resea

Use of dissertation data in science policy research

Although the contribution of scientometric literature to policies on academic science has been substantial, the literature has focused primarily on the production of scientific knowledge, whereas limited attention has been paid to the other critical mission of academic institutions, i.e., education or the production of scientists. To address this limitation and better inform policymakers, the curr

International research visits and careers : An analysis of bioscience academics in Japan

This paper investigates the effect of international research visits on promotion. Research visits may help to expand existing networks and promote knowledge transfer while at the same time ensuring career stability, identified as the main barrier to mobility in Europe and Japan. Using a dataset of 370 bioscience professors in Japan we find that international research visits have a positive effect

Dishonest conformity in peer review

Honesty in scientific publication is critical for scientific advancement, but dishonesty is commonly and increasingly observed in misconduct and other questionable practices. Focusing on dishonest conformity in peer review, in which authors unwillingly obey referees’ instructions in order to have their papers accepted even if the instructions contradict the authors’ scientific belief, the current

Impact-oriented science policies and scientific publication practices : The case of life sciences in Japan

The modern science system relies on intense evaluation of scientific publication, in which scientific impact is highly emphasized, but its contribution to the progress of science has been controversial. Focusing on two aspects of the science system, resource allocation and academic career design, this study explores whether these policies, presumably aiming at high-impact research, actually achiev

Organizational design of University laboratories : Task allocation and lab performance in Japanese bioscience laboratories

A university laboratory is a fundamental unit of scientific production, but optimizing its organizational design is a formidable task for lab heads, who play potentially conflicting roles of manager, educator, and researcher. Drawing on cross-sectional data from a questionnaire survey and bibliometric data on Japanese biology professors, this study investigates task allocation inside laboratories.

Impact of inbreeding on scientific productivity : A case study of a Japanese university department

Recent science policies emphasize academic mobility and denounce inbreeding as an impediment to scientific productivity. This study aims to investigate the impact of inbreeding on productivity, distinguishing various forms of inbreeding, and to explore the mechanism behind which inbreeding is translated into productivity, drawing on in-depth longitudinal data of academics' careers in a university

Academic commercialization and changing nature of academic cooperation

Recent economic policies emphasize the role of academic science in technological innovation and economic growth and encourage universities and individual academics to engage in commercial activities. In this trend of academic commercialization, a growing concern has been expressed that its potential incompatibility with the traditional norms of open science could undermine the cooperative climate

Academic Entrepreneurship and Exchange of Scientific Resources : Material Transfer in Life and Materials Sciences in Japanese Universities

This study uses a sample of Japanese university scientists in life and materials sciences to examine how academic entrepreneurship has affected the norms and behaviors of academic scientists regarding sharing scientific resources. Results indicate that high levels of academic entrepreneurship in a scientific field are associated with less reliance on the gift-giving form of sharing (i.e., generali

Conflict between entrepreneurship and open science, and the transition of scientific norms

In the trend of academic entrepreneurship, practical and direct contribution of university research to the society has been emphasized, in which university scientists have increasingly engaged in commercial activities, university-industry relationships, and technology transfers. However, this trend has aroused concern about a potentially negative impact on the tradition of open science. Drawing on

Transgenic expression of constitutively active RAC1 disrupts mouse rod morphogenesis

PURPOSE: Dominant-active RAC1 rescues photoreceptor structure in Drosophila rhodopsin-null mutants, indicating an important role in morphogenesis. This report assesses the morphogenetic effect of activated RAC1 during mammalian rod photoreceptor development using transgenic mice that express constitutively active (CA) RAC1.METHODS: Transgenic mice were generated by expressing CA RAC1 under control

The transcription factor GTF2IRD1 regulates the topology and function of photoreceptors by modulating photoreceptor gene expression across the retina

The mechanisms that specify photoreceptor cell-fate determination, especially as regards to short-wave-sensitive (S) versus medium-wave-sensitive (M) cone identity, and maintain their nature and function, are not fully understood. Here we report the importance of general transcription factor II-I repeat domain-containing protein 1 (GTF2IRD1) in maintaining M cone cell identity and function as well