The basic bound on the generalisation error of a PAC learner makes the assumption that a consistent hypothesis exists. This makes it appropriate to apply the method only in the case where we have a guarantee that a consistent hypothesis can be found, something that is rarely possible in real applications. The same problem arises if we decide not to use a hypothesis unless its error is below a pres

Our aim was to compare hemiarthroplasty (HA) and osteosynthesis (OS) in the treatment of cervical hip fractures using matched-pair analysis, especially with regard to different age groups. Data concerning all hip fractures (excluding pathological fractures) at the University Hospitals of Lund in Sweden, where osteosynthesis with LIH hook-pins was used exclusively, and of Oulu in Finland, using mai

Throughout the 1990s, most rural municipalities in Sweden experienced population declines and were forced to face the constraints of an ageing population. To counter this development a significant share turned to place marketing campaigns and promotion in the hope of attracting new residents. This paper examines the campaign efforts of the Swedish rural municipalities and addresses the question of

Objective. To study degree of blood pressure (BP) control in primary healthcare (PHC) treated hypertensive patients in relation to sex, age, drug treatment, and concomitant diseases. Design. Random sample of patients with hypertension. Setting. Ten PHC centres in the Region of Skane, Sweden. Subjects. All the 30- to 95-year-old patients with hypertension who during the period 12 September to 24 Se

Swifts, Apus apus, spend the night aloft and this offers an opportunity to test the degree of adaptability of bird orientation and flight to different ecological situations. We predicted the swifts' behaviour by assuming that they are adapted to minimize energy expenditure during the nocturnal flight and during a compensatory homing flight if they become displaced by wind. We tested the prediction

During the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) autoantibodies to IgG-Fc, citrullinated proteins, collagen type II (CII), glucose 6 phosphoisomerase (G6PI) and some other self-antigens appear. Of these, a pathogenic effect of the anti-CII and anti-G6PI antibodies is well demonstrated using animal models. These new antibody mediated arthritis models have proven to be very useful for studies inv

Oxidative addition of the silanes R3SiH (R3= Ph3, Et3, EtMe2) to the unsaturated cluster [Os3(µ-H){µ3-Ph2PCH2PPh(C6H4)}(CO)8] leads to the saturated clusters [Os3(µ-H)(SiR3)(CO)9(µ-dppm)](SiR3= SiPh31, SiEt32 and SiEtMe23) and the unsaturated clusters [Os3(µ-H)2(SiR3){µ3-Ph2PCH2PPh(C6H4)}(CO)7](SiR3= SiPh34, SiEt35 and SiEtMe26). Structures are based on spectroscopic evidence and a XRD structure o

The efficiency of trityl bromide (4) and diaryl carbenium ion precursors 5-7 in hydride abstraction from a series of cyclohexenyl molybdenum complexes (2) was investigated. The novel nonracemic hydride abstractors 14a,b were designed and prepared and were shown to effectuate hydride abstraction from prochiral substrate 15 with modest enantioselectivity.

Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) - the dramatic reduction of electrical resistivity in a magnetic field and charge ordering (CO) in rare earth manganites of the type Ln(1-x)A(x)MnO(3) [Ln: rare earth, A: divalent cation] are manifestations of the intricate relation between orbital, spin, charge and lattice degrees of freedom. Recent studies indicate that the inhomogeneous state of mixed-valence ma

The therapeutic effectiveness of boron neutron capture therapy is highly dependent on the microscopic distribution of the administered boron compound. Two boron compounds with different uptake mechanisms in the tumour cells may thus cause effects of different degrees even if the macroscopic boron concentrations in the tumour tissue are the same. This difference is normally expressed quantitatively

Throughout the world, tidal marshes are being restored to obtain natural protection against recurring storm surges and sea level rise and to preserve the resources these habitats provide. Managed realignment, or breaching of the seaward dikes, is a restoration technique increasingly used; yet unsuitable site elevation has been a major constraint to habitat development. Controlled reduced tide (CRT

Bread products with three different levels (35, 50 and 75%) of the (1 -> 3; 1 -> 4)-beta-glucan rich barley genotype Prowashonupana (PW), 50% common barley (CB) or 100% white wheat, were given as a breakfast meal to 10 men and their postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses were measured. In addition, the viscosity of (1 -> 3; 1 -> 4)-beta-glucans isolated from the pw flours was measured, a

The main goal of this paper is to establish general constitutive relations for the electromagnetic fields EBAR, DBAR, BBAR, and HBAR in a time domain setting. The four basic assumptions of the medium are linearity, invariance to time translations, causality, and continuity. These four assumptions imply that the constitutive relations are convolutions of the Riemann-Stieltjes type. A review of the

The objective was to compare volume blood flow (VBF) in the descending aorta (DAo) of gestational age and weight-matched growth restricted (GR) and normal (N) fetuses. A longitudinal study of 20 N was compared with 11 GR in two analyses matched for weight and gestation. DAo dimensions and flow velocity were measured simultaneously using a new technique combining an ultrasonic phase-locked echo-tra

An overview of the new field of Gas in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy (GASMAS) is presented. GASMAS combines narrow-band diode-laser spectroscopy with diffuse media optical propagation. While solids and liquids have broad absorption features, free gas in pores and cavities in the material is characterized by sharp spectral signatures, typically 10,000 times sharper than those of the host

We present a web-based method for mapping various relations between agents that have been involved in an emergency response operation. The method is based on combining a web-questionnaire with telephone interviews and it provides an efficient way of collecting large amount of information concerning the agents. By using the resulting network of agents it is possible to perform various network analy