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On the basis of the example of quaterthiophene (4T) on a Ag(111) surface, we demonstrate that epitaxial thin films can be prepared on a single crystalline substrate under suitable conditions. Optical spectra of such 4T films exhibit a highly resolved fine structure similar to that of isolated molecules. The detailed spectroscopic information thus obtained yields new insight into questions such as
Thin films (less than 40 Å) of quaterthiophene (4T) were vapour deposited onto a Ag(111) surface under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and were investigated concerning their geometrical structure and photoluminescence (PL) properties by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and optical spectroscopy, respectively. Two different structural phases (α and β) were observed, which exhibit high structural order,
Ultrathin layers of 2,5-dimethyl-N,N′-dicyanoquinonediimine (DMe-DCNQI) have been grown on a Ag (111) surface by vapour deposition in ultrahigh vacuum. The films have been characterized by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Thermal desorption measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study orientation, lateral order, interface bon
A monolayer of N2O/Ni(111), a submonolayer species, and a monolayer of N2O/Ni\(111\)+O p[2×2] were studied using near-edge x-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. From the polarization dependence we derive bent N2O molecules for the monolayer species whereas the two other species remain linear upon adsorption. Using the Xα-scattered-wave method the polarization dependence of the three π* res
The orientation of molecular (Formula presented)O in a bilayer on defect-free NaCl(100) and of chemisorbed OH adsorbed at F centers on the (100) surface of NaCl was investigated using angle-resolved O K edge near-edge x-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS). High-quality single crystalline thin films of NaCl(100) of about four monolayers thickness were grown on Ge(100). These films w
The armed conflict shaped and determined land-uses, water access and social and environmental norms in highlands regions in Colombia for several decades. The withdrawal of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) after the Peace Agreement with the government of Colombia in 2016, has brought new dynamics in access and uses of land leading to increasingly visible social-environmental impact
The Amazon rainforests and their biological diversity are being lost rapidly by the onslaught of extractive industries, large-scale agriculture and infrastructure development, which also undermines the integrity of indigenous territories and ethnicities, threatening the tremendous cultural diversity of the Amazon. The loss of forest, the disintegration of local communities and the increase of the
Planet formation processes or evolution mechanisms are surmised to be at the origin of the hot Neptune desert. Studying exoplanets currently living within or at the edge of this desert could allow disentangling the respective roles of formation and evolution. We present the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) transmission spectrum of the bloated super-Neptune WASP-166b, located a
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) of the first carpometacarpal (CMC-1) joint is a common hand disorder with symptoms including pain and weakness of the thumb. Previous studies have associated high BMI with OA of weight-bearing joints, whereas studies regarding non-weight-bearing joints have shown conflicting results. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of overweight and obe
Rapporten analyserar inkomstskillnader mellan land och stad för perioden 1990-2017. Vi börjar med att rangordna hela Sverige utifrån en land-stad dimension. Rangordningen delar in befolkningen i olika grupper där befolkningen i de mest glesa områdena i Sverige och befolkningen i de mest urbana områdena utgör ytterligheterna. Med hjälp av rangordningen undersöker vi sedan inkomster i de olika grupp
The dynamical stability of tightly packed exoplanetary systems remains poorly understood. While a sharp stability boundary exists for a two-planet system, numerical simulations of three-planet systems and higher show that they can experience instability on timescales up to billions of years. Moreover, an exponential trend between the planet orbital separation measured in units of Hill radii and th
Background The obesity epidemic has influenced pain rehabilitation clinics. To date, little is known about baseline level of physical activity (PA) in patients referred to pain rehabilitation clinics. We aimed to investigate the PA levels of patients referred to pain rehabilitation clinics and to evaluate the effect of excess weight on PA level. Methods and findings Data were obtained from the Swe
The correct folding of proteins is of paramount importance for their function, and protein misfolding is believed to be the primary cause of a wide range of diseases. Protein folding has been investigated with time-averaged methods and time-resolved spectroscopy, but observing the structural dynamics of the unfolding process in real-time is challenging. Here, we demonstrate an approach to directly
Organisms regularly encounter stressful conditions that negatively affects their fitness. One way to minimize these negative effects is to use cues from the environment in order to develop an appropriate phenotype. Many populations of water fleas (Daphnia spp.) are exposed to algal blooms dominated by toxin- producing cyanobacteria during parts of the summer season, which can reduce growth, reprod
This study compared second languagevocabulary acquisition from engagement with two different online media: written blog posts and video blogs. It also explored whether there were differences betweenwhich aspects of vocabulary knowledge(i.e., orthography, semantics, and grammatical function) were best learned from these media. The results showed that incidental vocabulary learning occurred in appro
Background to the report:The Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) commissioned this Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) with a view to understanding what is known from the research literature concerning learning a foreign language (FL) and its impact on students’ wider academic outcomes. The key questions addressed examine: i) the research identifyingwhat approaches to teaching FLs are being used and
The seminar, held at the University of Oxford, Department of Education, 23 and 24 August 2018, organised by Henriette L. Arndt from the University of Oxford and Christina Lyrigkou from the Open University, brought together researchers and education practitioners from across Europe (and beyond) to engage in collaborative dialogue about the emergent, innovative field of informal L2 learn- ing (ISLL)
