Surface roughness and sub-surface deformation measurements in machining of niobium
Single-phase niobium is used in superconducting accelerator components in particle accelerating facilities. Functionality of such accelerator components is placing high demands on the surface quality. Single-phase niobium, as opposed to niobium alloys, is a highly ductile metal, which in a cutting process normally leads to such surface defects as adhesion, built-up edges, side flow, and burr forma